What is technology in computer science. Computer science and information technologies in professional activities. Main features of modern IT

Information technologies have specific goals, methods and means of implementation. Purpose information technology is the creation from an information resource of a high-quality information product that meets the user’s requirements. Methods information technologies are methods and techniques of modeling, development and implementation of data processing procedures. As funds Information technologies use mathematical methods and models for solving problems, data processing algorithms, tools for modeling business processes, data, designing information systems, developing programs, software products themselves, various information resources, technical means of data processing.

There are global, basic and special (specific) information technologies. Global information technology includes models, methods and means that form the information resources of society. Basic information technologies are intended for a specific area of ​​application - production, scientific research, training, etc. Special (specific) information technologies implement data processing when solving functional problems of users, for example, accounting, planning, analysis.

When modeling the information process and its phases, three levels are distinguished: conceptual , which describes the content and structure of the subject area; logical , on which the formalization of the model is carried out; physical , which determines the method of implementing the information model in a technical device.

Computer science as a scientific and applied discipline is closely related to information technology. The place and composition of information technologies in the structure of the discipline "Informatics" are given below:

01. 1. Theoretical computer science

01. 1.1. Philosophical foundations of computer science

01. 1.2. Beginnings of general information theory

01. 1.3. Beginnings of computer semantics

01. 1.4. Information Modeling Basics

01. 1.5. Intelligent information systems

01. 1.6. Information and cognition

01. 2. Information tools

01. 2.1. Technical means of informatization

01. 2.1.1. Means for processing, displaying and transmitting data

01. 2.2. Information software

01. 2.2.1. System software

02. 2.2.2. Information support tools

01. 2.2.2.1. Universal

02. 2.2.2.2. Professionally oriented

01. 3. Information technology

01. 3.1. Basic (universal) information technologies for input/output, collection, storage, transmission and processing of data; preparation of text and graphic documents, technical documentation; integration and collective use of heterogeneous information resources

01. 3.2. Applied information technologies: information security; programming, design, modeling, training, diagnostics, management (objects, processes, systems)

01. 4. Social informatics

01. 4.1. Informational resources

01. 4.2. Information potential of society

01. 4.3. Information society

01. 4.4. Man in the information society

The section "Theoretical Informatics" is intended to form a modern scientific worldview, in which information is considered as a fundamental semantic property of nature, and information processes are considered as the most important intellectual components of the functioning of any technical, social and natural systems, including the processes of human cognition of the surrounding world. This section also contains questions related to the study of modern scientific methodology in computer science and, first of all, the theoretical foundations of information modeling, statistical methods, methods for conducting a “computational experiment,” as well as methods for solving poorly formalized problems with incomplete and unclear initial data.

The second and third sections “Informatization Tools” and “Information Technologies” discuss in detail the hardware and software tools of information technology, their information support, as well as basic and applied information technologies.

The main objective of the section “Social Informatics” is to give a fairly complete systemic understanding of the informational nature of the development process of modern society, as well as the problems that arise and methods for solving them based on the use of an information approach and the capabilities of promising information technologies.

It is convenient to describe information technologies using a classifier (Fig. 2.1), which allows you to describe IT at four levels: technologies, processes, procedures, operations. For example, as components of basic information technology, described at the conceptual level, we can name such processes as receiving, displaying information and accumulating, processing, transmitting data, and the corresponding procedures: collection, preparation, input; translation into alphanumeric form, plotting, speech synthesis; archiving, updating, searching; transformation, logical inference, knowledge generation; switching, routing, exchange.

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE 1. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. BASIC CONCEPTS

Informatics is a scientific and practical direction that studies methods and methods of accumulating, processing and transmitting information using a computer (computer) and other technical means.

The main goal of computer science is the creation of a material and technical base to meet the information needs of the industrial and business spheres, government bodies and other areas of public activity.

The word “information” (from the Latin “informatio” – information, presentation, explanation) means a message about an event, object, phenomenon, etc.

Information refers to abstract, unambiguously undefined concepts.

Information theory uses the following definition:

Information is information that should remove to some extent the uncertainty in the understanding of the object by the recipient of the information that existed before its receipt.

Data – information presented in a formalized form.

A computer is a universal means of storing and processing data.

bit bi nary digi t) is the amount of information that reduces the uncertainty exactly by half and is contained in a message with two possible equally probable outcomes of the type “yes” or “no”. A bit is the basic unit of measuring the amount of information.

Economic information is an important component of management information and reflects socio-economic processes in the production and non-production spheres.

Main features of economic information:

 use of quantitative quantities and digital values;

 reusable – cyclical;

 reflection in tangible media - in documents, on computer magnetic media, transmission via communication channels;

 volume.

In relation to the processing and storage processes, the following types of economic information are distinguished: initial, derivative, intermediate, resulting.

From the point of view of the reflected management functions, economic information is divided into planning, forecasting, regulatory, design and technological, accounting, and financial.

Code (code) – a rule that describes the mapping of one set of characters to another (standard).

Coding is the operation of identifying symbols of one code with symbols of another code.

Binary coding – two character encoding. In a computer, coding is carried out using two characters “0” and “1”, i.e. One digit can be written in one bit - “0” or “1”.

In computer memory, 1 byte = 8 bits is allocated to store one character. Eight-bit binary code can encode 256 characters.

Example of binary character encoding in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII):

0 – 0011 0000, 1 – 0011 0001,

A – 0100 0001, + - 0010 1011

The theoretical aspect of computer science is the methodology of information activity in the conditions of mass computerization.

Practical aspect of computer science – information technology for the effective use of a set of technical means for specific applications.

Information technology is a system of methods and methods for collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, processing, transmitting and issuing information.

Information technology for solving economic problems integrates various technologies and consists of the following procedures:

 collection and registration of information;

 transfer of information to the place of processing;

 machine coding of information;

 data storage and retrieval;

 computational data processing;

 replication and use of information.

The technology of electronic information processing with the help of computer technology is the process of performing interrelated operations performed in an established sequence in order to transform the original (primary) information into the resulting one.

Control questions:

1. What does computer science study?

2. What are the theoretical and practical aspects of computer science?

3. What is the relationship between information and data?

4. What are the main features and types of economic information?

5. What is the operation of encoding information?

6. What are bits and bytes?

7. What is binary coding?

8. What is information technology?

9. What basic procedures does information technology for solving economic problems include?

10. What is electronic information processing technology?

SECTION 2. TECHNICAL AND SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING INFORMATION PROCESSES

Structural and functional organization of computers

Information processing and presentation of processing results in a form convenient for perception is carried out using computer technology:

 electronic computers (computers);

 computer systems (CS);

 computer networks.

An electronic computer (computer) is a set of technical means built on electronic elements and designed to automate the process of accumulating and processing information.

The generalized block diagram of a computer consists of the following main functional blocks:

 information input device (IDU);

 storage device (storage device);

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU);

 control device (CU);

 information output device (Alas).

The main information input devices are a keyboard, a mouse, a scanner (for entering images from paper or slides), and a digitizer (for entering outline images).

The storage device is designed to store programs and data necessary to solve a problem, as well as intermediate and final results of calculations.

Computer memory is divided into internal and external according to its functional purpose and method of organization.

Basic units for measuring computer memory capacity:

External memory consists of random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM).

RAM or RAM (Random Access Memory) is used to store information (programs and data) during its immediate processing. At any time, you can access a randomly selected RAM cell. RAM has high speed, relatively small capacity (at least 64 MB) and is volatile, i.e. The information in it is erased when the power is turned off.

ROM or ROM (Read Only Memory) contains permanent service information used to automatically check the computer's functionality when the power is turned on, load programs from disk that enable the computer to operate, and perform basic input/output operations. ROM is non-volatile.

External memory (magnetic disks and tapes) is used for long-term storage of large amounts of information. It has a relatively low operating speed, practically unlimited volume and is non-volatile.

The ALU performs arithmetic operations on numbers and logical operations on number codes using Boolean algebra.

The control unit determines the sequence of operations in the process of solving a problem and controls the interaction of computer devices.

The central processing unit (CPU) is a combination of a control device, an arithmetic-logical unit and internal memory. The main companies (firms) producing microprocessors: Intel, AMD, Cyrix, IDT, etc.

All computer components are connected to each other through standard interfaces - methods of connecting and interacting objects (ISA, EISA, PCI, AGP, IEEE1394, etc.)

The computing process on a computer is carried out based on the principle of program control.

The main information output devices (Uvyv) are a display, a printer, and a plotter (plotter). Information can also be displayed on a large screen through a special projector.

Computer software

A program is a finite sequence of instructions (commands, instructions) indicating the order of their execution, providing a solution to a problem.

Scientific and technological progress and the development of computer technology have led to the need to determine general methods for the formation and uniform solution of classes of control problems based on the development of complexes of universal algorithms.

An algorithm is a final system of instructions addressed to a performer (human or computer), which uniquely defines the process of sequential problem solving.

The algorithmic principle underlies the operation of a computer, because a program for solving a problem on a computer is written based on the corresponding algorithm.

The machine algorithm must have the following properties:

 determinism – unambiguity and accuracy of the algorithm’s instructions;

 discreteness – the possibility of dividing the algorithmic process into separate elementary stages-steps;

 effectiveness – completion of the algorithm in a finite number of steps for any acceptable initial data;

 widespread – the ability to use the algorithm to solve many problems of a given class.

There are several ways to describe algorithms: verbal, formulaic-verbal, graphical, etc.

When constructing algorithms of any complexity, three main types of algorithmic structures are used: linear, branching and cyclic.

rules and methods for using computer technology in various areas of human activity

4) social informatics:

the impact of new information technologies and the development of computer technology on the life of society

The structure of the computer science subject area is presented in more detail in the table on the next page.

Computer science studies the processes of creating and processing information, solving problems that are associated with the use of computers and office equipment, thanks to the development of which it appeared.

Purpose of computer science– acquiring knowledge about information systems (that is, systems in which the processes of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing and transmitting information take place), as well as determining the general principles for the construction and operation of these systems.

Main function of computer science– finding and using means and methods of information processing.

Informatics tasks:

creation of equipment and technologies for information conversion;

solving problems arising in the development and use of information technologies and computer equipment;

research of information processes

The role of computer science in the modern world is growing as there is a transition to an information society

Information society characterized by the following features:

the majority of workers are engaged not in the production of material goods, but in the production and processing of information

the majority of the population's needs are related to obtaining information

the standard of living is largely determined by access to information resources

the volume of information processed increases sharply

the information capacity of manufactured products increases, i.e. More and more information is required to produce products

The process of transition from an industrial society to an information society is called informatization

Computer science is one of the youngest sciences. She studies the properties and patterns of information, methods of its use in human life.

The history of the development of computer science begins with the appearance of the first electronic computers in the late 40s - early 50s of the twentieth century. These were the first computers to run on vacuum tubes. Closer to the 60s, discrete semiconductor computers were invented. And in the mid-60s, cars equipped with integrated circuits appeared.

The history of the development of information systems is closely connected with the fact that it has always been difficult for a person to perform complex mathematical calculations in his head or on paper. The inquisitive minds of people sought to automate computational processes by using the simplest abacus and slide rule. And finally, in 1642, Pascal created an eight-bit adding mechanism. After 2 centuries, Charles de Colmar improved it to an adding machine, which performed more complex mathematical operations in the form of multiplication and division. Accountants were delighted with this invention.

But the actual history of the development of information technology begins with a presentation of the ideas that formed the basis of modern computers in 1833 by the Englishman Charles Babbage. He was the first to use punched cards, the holes of which served to transmit information. These were the first steps of programming.

The history of the development of information systems was continued in 1888 by American engineer Herman Hollerith, who authored the first electromechanical calculating machine. It was tested during the census in 1890 and amazed with its results and speed of calculation. While this amount of work previously required 500 employees to pore over the numbers for seven years in a row, Hollerith, who gave each of his 43 assistants a calculating machine, completed this amount of work within one month.

The history of the development of information technology is also grateful to Hollerith for the fact that he founded the company, which later became known as IBM and today is a giant of world computerization. Its employees, together with scientists from Harvard University, built the first electronic computer in 1940, which they called “Mark-1”. This giant weighed 35 tons, and the customer of the computer was the US military department. The machine calculated in the binary system. She spent only one second on 300 multiplication operations and 5000 addition operations. But the lamps quickly failed and this problem was solved by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, the inventors of semiconductor transistors.

Thus, the history of the development of computer science has come to the point of a radical reduction in the size of computers, and their next generation was significantly smaller. And the speed of computing abilities has increased 10 times.

Further, the entire history of the development of computer science in the world will be connected with the miniaturization of computers. And first the American company DIGITAL EQUIPMENT, then the company INTEL, succeeds in this regard. And in the mid-70s of the twentieth century, personal computers from the now famous company APPLE appeared.

The history of the development of computer science in our country begins with a small electronic calculating machine (MSEM), which performed 50 operations per second. Its designer was Sergei Aleksandrovich Lebedev. Her path in our fatherland was quite thorny. And today we can no longer imagine a full life without the use of computers. And if you look back, very little time has passed. Thus, technical thought is even ahead of its time. PC,

laptops and netbooks are a special feature of the modern era.

The main research methods in computer science are:

– system information analysis as a specification of the system approach;

– information modeling as a specification of the general scientific method of modeling;

– a computer experiment as a type of computational experiment characteristic of all sciences.

The rapid increase in the volume of information existing and circulating in society confronts modern man with the problem of the ability to work with it: find, select what is needed, store, package and quickly retrieve from storage, process and transform. Moreover, information can increasingly be presented not only in text, the most familiar form, but also as video and audio materials, diagrams and animated graphics, etc. Mastery of methods, techniques and means of working with information is becoming one of the main professionally important

The concept of information, types of information. Its properties

The term information comes from the Latin word informatio, which means “information, explanation, presentation.”

Information is such a general and deep concept that it cannot be explained in one phrase. This word has different meanings in technology, science and in everyday situations.

In everyday life, information refers to any data or information that interests someone, for example, a message about any events, about someone’s activities, etc. “Inform” in this sense means “to report something previously unknown.”

Information and information technologies. Areas of application

Information(from lat. informatio - explanation, presentation) - originally meant information transmitted by people orally, in writing or in other ways using conventional signals, technical means, etc. Information increases a person’s level of awareness of the world around him,

From the middle of the 20th century. information is a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world; transfer of characteristics from cell to cell, from organism to organism, one of the basic concepts of cybernetics.

The word “information” is translated into Russian as information or messages. This information can be transmitted and recorded in the form of data by a sequence of various characters, for example letters of Russian and other alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, arithmetic operations, etc. However, it is known that any messages can be transmitted and recorded by encoding them using only two characters , for example, dots and dashes in Morse code, zeros and ones in computers.

The physical medium in which information can be recorded or accumulated for subsequent reading, analysis and processing is called an information medium.

Types of information:

• 1) according to the method of perception: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory;
• 2) by presentation form: text, numerical, graphic;
• 3) by social significance: mass, everyday, socio-political, aesthetic;
• 4) special, scientific, industrial, personal.

Information is the primary concept. It can be argued that this concept presupposes the presence of a material carrier of information, a source of information, an information transmitter, a receiver and a communication channel between the source and the receiver. The peculiarity of this concept is that it is used in all areas without exception: in philosophy, natural and human sciences, biology, medicine and physiology, human and animal psychology, sociology, art, technology and economics, in everyday life. Therefore, the specific interpretation of the elements associated with the concept of “information” depends on the method of a particular science, the purpose of the study, or simply on our everyday ideas.

When talking about quantity (a lot of information, little information), we cannot say what the volume (or amount) of information received is. From a computer's point of view, the answer is simple: one bit (yes or no, 1 or 0). But a person is not a computer, and for him the amount of information received is related to the “surprise coefficient,” which, in turn, depends on the person’s prior knowledge. The amount of information received varies depending on the probability of the event, which also depends on many factors.

Data - see section 1.2.

The difference between the concepts of “information” and “data” is that information is dealt with by a person who is interested in its content and meaning, while data is dealt with, as a rule, by a technical system that processes it regardless of the content or meaning. Information is encoded using data.

A person processes information at at least three levels: at the physiological level (using the senses), at the level of rational thinking, and at the subconscious level. The processing process is extremely complex; it depends on a person’s life experience, erudition, profession, interest in certain information, etc.

A special problem is the process of human development of new information (scientific or artistic). New information is useful not only for general development, it helps to understand how the processes of information processing by man and computer are related to each other and how man himself is connected with the global information space. In the process of obtaining new information, we are already talking about gaining knowledge.

Knowledge - see section 1.2. Knowledge can be empirical, theoretical, everyday, pre-scientific, scientific, etc. (see also Chapter 6).

Information process - the process that results in the reception, transmission, transformation, protection, search, storage and use of information. Information processes: search, collection, storage, processing, transmission, use, protection of information.

Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge embodied in labor techniques, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, methods of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements or standards.

Information technology - see section 1.2.

The purpose of information technology is the production of information for its analysis and based on it, making a decision to perform any action.

In modern society, the main technical means of information processing is the personal computer. The introduction of the PC into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications determined a new stage in the development of information technology, which from that moment on received the names “new” and “computer”. The term “new” emphasizes its radically innovative rather than evolutionary nature. Its implementation significantly changes the content of various types of activities in institutions and organizations. The scope of new information technology also includes communication technologies that ensure the transmission of information by various means, such as telephone, telegraph, television, fax, etc. The definition of “computer” emphasizes that the main technical means of its implementation is a computer. There are three basic principles of computer information technology:

• interactive (dialogue) mode of working with a computer;
• integration with other software products;
• flexible change of data and assigned tasks.

The technological process of material production is implemented using various technical means: equipment, machines, tools, conveyor lines, etc. By analogy, in information technology, the role of technical means of information production is played by hardware, software and mathematical support for this process. With their participation, primary information is processed into information of a new quality.

Toolkit information technology is a set of software products that are used to achieve a goal set by the user. All known general-purpose software products (word processor, desktop publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, etc.) can be classified as tools.

The most common are the following information technologies:

• text information processing;
• processing of numerical information;
• processing of graphic information;
• databases and data banks, including educational ones;
• application packages;
• expert training systems;
• multimedia;
• virtual reality systems, including simulators;
• artificial intelligence systems;
• telecommunication systems, including the Internet.

Information technologies are widely used

in various spheres of human activity. They are often used in automated information systems.

Information system - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel involved in data processing.

Information systems can be open and closed.

In an open information system, the information received by the consumer is used freely. In a closed information system, there is a close connection between information and its structures and consumers.

The structure of any information system consists of a set of supporting and functional subsystems. Supporting subsystems include:

• 1) technical support;
• 2) software;
• 3) software;
• 4) information support;
• 5) legal, organizational and other support.

The presence of functional subsystems depends on the target

purpose of the system. Currently, automated information systems are widespread.

Examples of implementation of automated systems.

ACS - automated control systems - a set of technical and software tools that, in interaction with humans, organize the management of objects in production or the public sphere. For example, ASU-VUZ, etc.

APCS - automated process control systems. For example, controlling the operation of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine, the process of launching a spacecraft, etc.

ASNI - automated systems for scientific research - a hardware and software complex in which scientific instruments are interfaced with a computer, measurement data is entered into it automatically, and the computer processes this data and presents it in the most convenient form for the researcher.

AOS - automated training systems. They help students master new material, monitor knowledge, teachers prepare educational materials, etc.

CAD - automatic design systems - a hardware and software complex that, in interaction with a person (designer, engineer, architect, etc.) allows you to design mechanisms, buildings, components of complex units, etc. as efficiently as possible.

Diagnostic systems in medicine, systems for organizing ticket sales, accounting and financial activities, editorial and publishing activities, etc. are widely used.

The process of transition from industrial society to information society began in the 2nd half of the 20th century. and was called “informatization”, i.e. the process of creation, development and universal use of tools and technologies that ensure the achievement and maintenance of the level of awareness of all members of society. Informatization becomes a strategic resource of society and occupies a key place in the economy. The information society must have a highly developed information environment, which includes human activities in the creation, processing, transmission and accumulation of information.

Main characteristics of the information society:

• 1. 80% of workers are employed in the production, storage, processing, exchange, sale of information and information services.
• 2. Any member of society is provided with access to the information he needs in accordance with the law.
• 3. Information is the most important strategic resource, occupying a key place in the economy, education, culture, i.e. in all spheres.

The information society is a society of structure, the technical base and human potential of which are adapted for the optimal transformation of knowledge into an information resource and the processing of the latter in order to transform passive forms into active ones. In the information society, most working people are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.

1.The concept of information technology. 2

2. Features of professional communication using modern means of communication. 2

3.Use of new information technologies at school. 5

4.Use of multimedia textbooks and Internet technologies in the educational process. 7

5. Distance education for teachers as a way to improve the professional competence of a teacher. 8

6.Program - automated workplace “School”. 9

7.Creation of a unified information and educational space in an educational institution through the organization of a local network. 10

8.Literature. eleven

1. The concept of information technology

Technology when translated from Greek (techne) means art, skill, skill, and these are nothing more than processes. A process should be understood as a certain set of actions aimed at achieving a set goal. The process must be determined by the strategy chosen by the person and implemented using a combination of various means and methods.
Material production technology is understood as a process determined by a set of means and methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials or materials. Technology changes the quality or original state of matter in order to obtain a material product.
Information is one of the most valuable resources of society, along with such traditional material types of resources as oil, gas, minerals, etc., which means that the process of its processing, by analogy with the processes of processing material resources, can be perceived as technology. Then the following definition is valid.
Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product).
The goal of material production technology is to produce products that satisfy the needs of a person or system.
The purpose of information technology is the production of information for human analysis and decision-making based on it to perform any action.
It is known that by applying different technologies to the same material resource, it is possible to obtain different products. The same will be true for information processing technology.

2. Features of professional communication using modern means of communication.

Information technology is the most important component of the process of using society's information resources. In modern society, the main technical means of information processing technology is the personal computer, which has significantly influenced both the concept of constructing and using technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of the personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications have determined a new stage in the development of information technology and, as a consequence, a change in its name by adding one of the synonyms: “new”, “computer” or “modern”.
The adjective "new" emphasizes the innovative rather than evolutionary nature of this technology. Its implementation is an innovative act in the sense that it significantly changes the content of various activities in organizations. The concept of new information technology also includes communication technologies that ensure the transfer of information by various means, namely telephone, telegraph, telecommunications, fax, etc.

New information technology is information technology with a “friendly” user interface, using personal computers and telecommunications.
The adjective “computer” emphasizes that the main technical means of its implementation is a computer.
Three basic principles of new (computer) information technology:
-interactive (dialog) mode of working with a computer;
- integration (docking, interconnection) with other software products;
- flexibility in the process of changing both data and task statements.
The implementation of the technological process of material production is carried out using various technical means, which include: equipment, machines, tools, conveyor lines, etc.
By analogy, there should be something similar for information technology. Such technical means of information production will be hardware, software and mathematical support for this process. With their help, primary information is processed into information of a new quality. Let us single out software products separately from these tools and call them tools, and for greater clarity we can specify them by calling them information technology software tools. Let's define this concept.
Information technology tools are one or more interrelated software products for a specific type of computer, the technology of which allows you to achieve the goal set by the user. The following common types of software products for a personal computer can be used as tools: word processor (editor), desktop publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic notebooks, electronic calendars, functional information systems (financial, accounting, marketing etc.), expert systems, etc.
Implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of the information technology oriented to it. Information technology can exist outside the sphere of the information system.
Thus, information technology is a more capacious concept that reflects the modern understanding of the processes of information transformation in the information society. The skillful combination of two information technologies - management and computer - is the key to the successful operation of an information system.
Information technology is a set of clearly defined purposeful actions of personnel to process information into

computer.
Information system is a human-computer system for supporting decision-making and production of information products, using computer information technology.
Technological concepts such as norm, standard, technological process, technological operation, etc., used in the production sphere, can also be used in information technology. Before developing these concepts in any technology, including information technology, you should always start with defining the goal. Then you should try to structure all the proposed actions leading to the intended goal and select the necessary software tools.
Information technology, like any other, must meet the following requirements:
- ensure a high degree of division of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions;
- include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;
- be of a regular nature. Stages, actions, and operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which will allow for more efficient targeted management of information processes.
Equipping organizations, enterprises, firms with new hardware and software that increase the capabilities of a computer, the transition to the category of anachronism in understanding it as a computer, gradually led to the displacement of the term “computer technology” by the concepts of “information technology”, which are characterized by the environment where they are implemented and components which it contains:
-technical environment (type of technology used to solve basic problems);
-software environment (set of software tools);
-subject environment (content of a specific subject area of ​​science, technology, knowledge);
-technological environment (instructions, procedure for use, assessment

efficiency, etc.

Changes in social space have a significant impact on the content and direction of communication processes. Opportunities arise for accumulating and processing information in new forms of communication. The ongoing change in the information field in the context of computerization affects the worldview of modern man, creating a new type of thinking.
At the present stage, in the context of informatization of the life of society, management activities in general, including, can be carried out with the help of computer technologies. What is presented not only as interpersonal communication via the Internet, but also as communication between a person and a computer, which acquires some human traits. Thus, it is the dialogue between man and machine that is the main difference between electronic communication and oral or documentary communication. As a result, all past types and forms of communication are transformed in one way or another, actively functioning in a new qualitative unity with each other.
The manager needs to take into account the peculiarities of the activities of subordinates, whose work is directly related to the computer. The computer today is becoming an ordinary means of communication, and in the future it may become one of the main means of communicative interaction. If this really happens, then the logic of computer networks will inevitably begin to turn into the logic of communication of a modern person, who will inevitably experience a reduction in social interaction, a narrowing of social connections, and the development of depressive situations due to loneliness. In this situation, the manager needs to take preventive measures against undesirable consequences. It is important to simultaneously develop two types of communication: real and virtual. What does the use of information tools mean as the most important tool in management processes that are impossible without direct contact with the employee. Interpersonal communication continues to be the basis of management activities due to the lack of opportunity and internal motivation for some managers and their subordinates to use technical means.
To solve the problems of more effective training in professional and business communication in the emerging qualitatively new informatized environment, it is necessary to master knowledge of the theory and practice of real and virtual communication in various areas and situations of professional communication.

3.Use of new information technologies at school.

New information technologies are taking root in our country extremely unevenly. How does this unevenness relate to the capabilities and needs of a particular teacher? Can new information technologies give new impetus to already established professionals? The answers to these questions are obvious. In the absence of an acceptable (adequate to labor costs) level of wages, new information technologies are one of the significant factors that, due to their novelty, objective interest and modernity, can attract young people to school and prevent experienced teachers from leaving school. What attracts me is something that is interesting and modern, both in essence and in content. At the same time, it is very important that new information technologies are used not instead of, but together with traditional educational technologies. Thanks, among other things, to the state informatization program, modern computers have appeared in almost all schools. For many teachers, it is obvious that a modern multimedia computer is a reliable assistant and an effective teaching tool in teaching various subjects. But the computer itself is useless if there is no access to modern electronic resources on the Internet or on CDs. And the teacher’s use of high-quality educational electronic resources makes it possible for students to receive a school history education adequate to modern needs, regardless of the location of the educational institution. It seems that now it is already possible to create a certain gradation among subject teachers who use a computer in their work. In this case, five levels of such a user can be clearly distinguished. Level one - high start. Using a computer as a “memory typewriter”; more or less regular preparation with its help of the simplest didactic materials, lesson plans, planning, etc.; creating lists and card files; template forms, a calm attitude towards students’ computer-generated work; basic systematization of documents on your home computer. Level two - opening up opportunities. Achieving this level is inextricably linked with access to the Internet. It is possible to highlight an intermediate stage - familiarization with thematic CD-ROMs. Despite the low educational and methodological level of the latter, they are able to amaze the subject teacher who misses high-quality visual aids, and, first of all, with the rich animation capabilities of modern technologies. The use of a computer in lessons and in extracurricular activities gives the teacher the reputation of an advanced and progressive person. Schoolchildren begin to set him up as an example to other subject teachers, and in the eyes of his work colleagues, the authority of such a teacher increases. It is at this stage that the teacher begins to involve his students in participating in distance competitions and competitions. Level three is on the path to creativity. The teacher begins to master the technologies of “creation”: the basic elements of the MS Power Point, MS FrontPage, MS Publisher programs become available to him. Tools fall into the hands of the teacher, using the animation capabilities of which he can significantly enhance the effectiveness of his lesson. It has not yet come to the point of using these programs in the classroom, but the teacher is already beginning to act as an authoritative consultant in intra-school projects. Under the guidance of a subject teacher, students create their own thematic Web pages, and a computer science teacher or network coordinator helps in publishing these materials on the Internet. The third level is also characterized by attempts to create a teacher’s electronic library and projects for several teachers to write a common textbook.

Level four - first lessons. Gradually, from extracurricular life, new information technologies begin to penetrate into “His Majesty’s lesson.” It is important that for such a teacher it is hardly possible to move in the opposite direction. On the contrary, the problem arises of systematizing the created material at a qualitatively new level. The fifth level is the search for a system. It becomes professionally necessary for a teacher to learn to combine his own teaching style with the technical capabilities that new information technologies provide him.

4.Use of multimedia textbooks and Internet technologies in the educational process.

One of the components of the informatization program is the teaching of computer science as an academic subject. It is necessary to use multimedia textbooks and Internet technologies in the entire educational process. But there are problems along the way of introducing these technologies:

1. lack of organized conditions at school with maximum free access to a computer - due to the presence of computers at school only in the computer science classroom and intended mainly for teaching students;
2. participants in the pedagogical process, students and teachers, are not given free access to a computer to work on the global network and with multimedia textbooks;
3. there is no interest among subject teachers in conducting lessons related to the use of electronic media in the educational process due to lack of support (material, organizational, methodological, etc.);
4. teachers do not know how to integrate project methodology and use computer technology with a fairly rigid classroom and lesson system.

To solve these problems, there is a program that allows you to use information technology in the educational process.

Program goals:

1. creation of a unified information environment of the city, district, etc., ensuring improved quality of education;
2. effective use of scientific and pedagogical potential;
3. a gradual transition to a new level of education based on new technologies, using electronic textbooks.

Program objectives:

1. formation of information technology infrastructure of the education system;
2. providing educational institutions and participants in the educational process (students, teachers) with free access to computer technology, global information resources, software (electronic textbooks, libraries, music libraries);
3. the use of Internet technologies and multimedia textbooks in the educational process;
4. training of pedagogical and administrative personnel of educational institutions capable of effectively using the latest information technologies in the educational process.

Expected final results:

1. creation of electronic libraries in schools;
2. free access for students and teachers to high-quality and online educational resources, including a system of modern educational materials in all subjects of secondary school;
3. improving the quality of education in educational institutions.

Scientific and methodological support of the program:

1. the program is provided with the currently existing scientific and methodological base and tools for creating electronic information, recording it, and replicating it;
2. the program is provided with software for automatic maintenance of information and ease of use by subject teachers and students;
3. The program is being implemented within the framework of the federal and regional program “Computerization of rural schools.”

5. Distance education for teachers as a way to improve the professional competence of a teacher.

One of the elements of a teacher’s professional competence is mastery of information and communication technologies. One of the ways to improve skills is distance education at the municipal level. Distance education means include:

1. cases of subject modules;
2. Internet resources;
3. multimedia discs.

Information and communication technologies are understood by me as methods of obtaining, processing, storing and distributing information using modern machines and software products. Thus, a teacher who comes to advanced training courses is faced with several tasks:

1. mastering the basics of using a personal computer;
2. studying the operation of basic software products: Word text editor, Excel spreadsheet editor, Power Point presentation program, mail program, Internet program Internet Explorer;
3. awareness of the goals, methods, methods, and techniques of incorporating ICT into the educational process, taking into account not only the specifics of teaching the subject, but also the personal characteristics of students, the psychological and pedagogical capabilities of the teacher, and the material and technical conditions of the educational institution.

6.Program - automated workplace “School”.

Nowadays many schools have computers. This makes it possible to use them in various directions, including to increase the efficiency of school management. The use of computers can dramatically speed up the analysis of educational work, facilitate the construction of various reports, graphs, diagrams, and at the same time save the working time of school directors and head teachers, subject teachers, librarians, and computer science teachers. Also important is the emerging opportunity to accumulate and analyze school performance data over long periods of time. Creating a database of all students and teaching staff will allow you to quickly monitor the dynamics of processes occurring in the school. The project provides for the creation of a unified school database with information about all students and teaching staff and the construction of a local computer network to provide access to this data for the director, head teacher, secretary, and teachers , organizers of extracurricular activities, librarians. The database will store the personal files of all school students and graduates, as well as preschoolers. This includes, among other things, quarterly, annual, examination, final grades of students, information about parents and their place of work, trustees, categories of families, home addresses of students, home and work telephone numbers of parents, characteristics of students. It is possible to store personal cards of school teaching staff with detailed information about each of them: passport data, information about education and advanced training, dates of admission and dismissal from work, teaching load, etc.

When a student is admitted to school or a teacher is hired, the secretary, simultaneously with the preparation of paper documentation, enters the relevant information into the database. Based on the results of each quarter, marks are entered. The head teacher will be able, using the program I am developing - an automated workstation - to automatically build reports on the progress and quality of knowledge of students by grade, level, level (primary, primary, secondary school) and total for the school, compare them with the results of previous years, building diagram, find out the dynamics of changes in the quality of knowledge of each class or parallel classes in a given subject. You can also monitor the quality of knowledge and student performance of each teacher and compare these results with the results of colleagues. Reports can be presented in both text and graphic form. There is also the possibility of summing up the results of participation in subject Olympiads, competitions, events (school and city), constructing various lists of students: by academic performance, by age, by family category, by place of work of parents, arrivals, departures, class lists, etc. You can also quickly find information about the required teacher or build a report summarizing the data. For example, a diagram of the qualitative composition of teaching staff (by category), a table of information about education and advanced training. For the effective use of automated workplaces, it is proposed to install computers in the offices of the director and head teachers, in the library and combine them into a local computer network among themselves and with computers in computer science classrooms and computer technology. On a desktop computer or in any computer room, teachers would be able to work with the database outside of school hours: make notes, correct changed information about students in their classes, print out progress reports for the parent meeting, and make adjustments to characteristics. Thus, work with live data and efficiency of control when working with constantly updated information would be ensured.

7.Creation of a unified information and educational space in an educational institution through the organization of a local network.

Organizing a local network of an educational institution and at home is the first stage in the development of a school:

1. after the appearance of this local network, there is a desire to install a network in each class (put a computer in each class), so that the teacher can freely take information for the lesson, entered from the main computer or brought by students from the computer class, and project it on the board;
2. as a result, the student will have a desire to study, because this teaching method is new and promising.

By uniting all the school computers into a single local network, it is possible to access the Internet from all PCs using one modem. This connection option is very cheap, because... They pay for one PC, but they all work on the Internet. This essay brings together all the material, creating a project that fully corresponds to the topic, and is also a guide for inexperienced users in installing a local network. This essay is equipped with an application, which greatly speeds up the learning process.

8.Literature.

1. Grigoriev S.G., Grinshkun V.V. Formation of theoretical foundations for the creation and use of educational electronic publications and resources. // Electronic educational publications and resources. Theory and practice. Bulletin of the Center for Informatics and Information Technologies in Education ISMO RAO. Vol. 1. / M.: ISMO RAO, – 2006. P. 6-12.

2. Grigoriev S.G., Grinshkun V.V., Krasnova G.A. Features of training teachers to use Internet resources in education. // Bulletin of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University. Series “Informatization of Education”. / M.: RUDN, – 2006, No. 1(3) P. 14-19.

3. Grinshkun V.V. The needs of the education system in the use of electronic publications and resources. // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical University. Series of computer science and informatization of education. / M.: MGPU, – 2006, No. 2 (7). pp. 52-57.