Damage to the boot sector of the hard drive. Boot sector

, floppy disk or other disk device information storage. (For a floppy disk, this is the first physical sector; for a hard disk, this is the first physical sector for each partition.) When the computer boots from a floppy disk, it is loaded into memory by the POST program (in IBM PC architecture computers, usually from address 0000:7c00), command control is transferred to it long jump.

The boot sector, sometimes called stage1 (that is, the first stage of booting the operating system), loads the second stage boot program operating system stage2( secondary bootloader, sometimes a boot manager or an authorization and access protection program is loaded as stage2). In some OSes, the role of stage1 is played by the MBR, and when loading the OS from a hard drive, the boot sector is not used.

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An excerpt characterizing the Boot sector

In St. Petersburg at this time, in the highest circles, with greater fervor than ever, there was a complex struggle between the parties of Rumyantsev, the French, Maria Feodorovna, the Tsarevich and others, drowned out, as always, by the trumpeting of the court drones. But calm, luxurious, concerned only with ghosts, reflections of life, St. Petersburg life went on as before; and because of the course of this life, it was necessary to make great efforts to recognize the danger and the difficult situation in which the Russian people found themselves. There were the same exits, balls, the same French theater, the same interests of the courts, the same interests of service and intrigue. Only in the highest circles were efforts made to recall the difficulty of the present situation. It was told in whispers how the two empresses acted opposite to each other in such difficult circumstances. Empress Maria Feodorovna, concerned about the welfare of the charitable and educational institutions under her jurisdiction, made an order to send all institutions to Kazan, and the things of these institutions were already packed. Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, when asked what orders she wanted to make, with her characteristic Russian patriotism, deigned to answer that government institutions she cannot make orders, since this concerns the sovereign; about the same thing that personally depends on her, she deigned to say that she will be the last to leave St. Petersburg.
Anna Pavlovna had an evening on August 26, the very day of the Battle of Borodino, the flower of which was to be the reading of the letter from the Eminence, written when sending the image of the venerable saint Sergius to the sovereign. This letter was revered as an example of patriotic spiritual eloquence. It was to be read by Prince Vasily himself, famous for his art of reading. (He also read for the Empress.) The art of reading was considered to consist in pouring out words loudly, melodiously, between a desperate howl and a gentle murmur, completely regardless of their meaning, so that, quite by chance, a howl would fall on one word, and a murmur on others. This reading, like all Anna Pavlovna’s evenings, had political significance. At this evening there were to be several important persons who had to be shamed for their trips to the French theater and encouraged into a patriotic mood. Quite a lot of people had already gathered, but Anna Pavlovna had not yet seen all the people she needed in the living room, and therefore, without starting to read yet, she started general conversations.

In every operating room Windows system personal computer There are special tools that are responsible for an action or operation. But there is a tool with which you can change errors and problems, as well as restore Windows from the command line.
If loading the OS fails, you need to use the Bootrec.exe utility.

With its help, computer problems are resolved, data is corrected, including Windows downloads or download configuration files.

Bootrec.exe - help with fixing Windows boot

If you have problems starting your computer and find problems with it, you should use the method for fixing Windows boot errors. It doesn’t matter which Windows is installed, the problem must be solved so that you can continue to perform the tasks assigned to you.

When working with a tool like Butrek.exe, they use commands for, but if a problematic situation arose in the OS itself, the tool must be launched inside it.

If this happened in Windows 7 version, you will need installation media or a disk that is capable of boot sector recovery hard drive. You can boot from USB or DVD discs, it depends on the OS version.

Fig.1. When you see such a picture on the monitor, click on the highlighted function

Then you need to decide on the choice of operating system that needs to be updated. This is a serious task, since among many systems there is only one that requires fixing. To continue, click the “Next” button.

Fig.2. A new window will open with recovery properties, but only the boot command line is needed here

If you do not have a disk for installation on Windows 7 or a disk responsible for restoring the boot sector, you will need access to tools. They, with the help of restorative hidden sections. Windows 7 will be able to set them in automatic mode when the OS is installed.

Follow a certain sequence: you need access to Recovery Systems, Diagnostics, Additional parameters and Command Line

Writing new boot sectors

The bootrec function with the /FixBoot parameter will make it possible to write to the boot sector inside system partition on hard drives.

When performing this procedure, you need to use boot partitions, but only those that are compatible with Windows OS versions 7 and 8.

The following parameters can be used:
If there is damage on the boot sectors, and their structure and size do not meet the requirements of the hard drive.
When recording boot sectors that are not compatible with the Windows system.

When the old Windows OS was installed in place of the new version.

In order to write a new boot sector, you need to run bootrec.exe as in the picture What to do when a disk partition on a server or workstation

becomes unavailable?

Symptoms

When a disk partition on a server or workstation becomes inaccessible or is designated as "unknown" by Disk Administrator, the cause may be a bad or damaged boot sector. This article will help you recover the boot sector using a second copy of it, which is saved by NTFS.

1. Keep in mind that in order to apply the tips described in this article, two conditions must be met:

2. The file system of the damaged disk partition is NTFS. FAT currently does not store a copy of the boot sector.

Ability to boot the computer into Windows NT or 2000 or XP.

Note: If you cannot boot under one of the specified operating systems, connect the hard drive to another computer on which this is possible.

Solution

To solve the problem, you need to obtain a backup copy of the boot sector and copy it to a specific part of the hard drive.

In NT 4.0 and Windows 2000, it is moved to the end of the logical drive, which requires a different recovery technique. In the described example, a special Disk Probe utility (dskprobe.exe) for NT, which is supplied with the NT V4.0 Resource Kit, will be used. It can also be rewritten as part of Windows XP SP2 Support Tools on this page. Disk Probe also works under NT V3.5x.

Note: to be able to recover in case of an error during following procedures, while viewing boot sectors that will change, just in case, save copies of them to files (Save as command from the File menu).

Recovering the boot sector of the main disk partition

1. In Disk Probe, select Drives, Physical Drive, select PhysicalDriveX, where X is the drive number. To determine the disk number, use the Disk Administrator utility. For example, if there are three SCSI disks installed in the system, with SCSI ID numbers 1,3 and 5, Disk Administrator will show their numbers 0, 1, 2. After SCSI disk ID 3 is disconnected, the next one (5) will take its place. In the Disk Administrator numbering it will become 1.

2. Double click on the PhysicalDriveX you want to restore. In the field next to it, remove the Read Only option and click the Set Active button. You will notice that Active Handle is installed in PhysicalDriveX, click OK.

3. From the Sectors menu, select Read and specify 0 for Starting Sectors and 1 for Number of Sectors. Click Read. After this you will find yourself about the main boot entry physical disk(MBR). This can be confirmed by the ASCII text on the right side of the window, starting at offset 8B, which should display "Invalid Partition Table". From the View menu, select Partition Table. In the area called "partition table index" use the scroll bar to select the partition in question and double-click it. The Relative Sector number is shown at the bottom left, write down this value and select the Go tab behind this area.

4. Now from the View menu select Bytes. Depending on how damaged the boot sector is, you may even see some lines of text in the top right of the window or see a read error message "A disk Read error ocurred..." starting at offset 130. From the View menu, select "NTFS bootsector".

5. Select "Volume End" for NT V4.0 or "Volume Middle" for NT V3.5x. You should now be on a backup copy of the boot sector. If you see an "incomplete Data Read" message or, after reviewing, determine that it is not a copy of the boot sector, this may mean that your primary sector was corrupted, so we received the wrong backup copy address. In this case, continue to the next section of our article to learn how to restore the boot sector if it is missing or severely damaged. If everything is fine, move on to the next point.

6. From the View menu, select Bytes and check that this is an NTFS boot sector. When we are convinced of this, select Write from the Sectors menu. Verify that the correct Handle and PhysicalDrive values are displayed in the dialog box. In the Starting Cecjtor to write Data field, enter the relative sector number you wrote down in step 4. Click the Write button.

7. In the Sectors menu, specify the relative sector number, leaving the Number of sectors field at 1, and select Read. Now verify that the data was written successfully.

Restoring a copy of the boot sector if the original copy is missing or is severely damaged

If there is no boot sector or it is so damaged that it does not have correct information about the number of sectors, restoration can be carried out according to the following plan:

1. In Disk Probe, select Drives, Physical Drive. Select PhysicalDriveX, where X is the disk number, which can be found in Disk Administrator.

2 . Double-click to open the desired PhysicalDriveX, uncheck Read Only in the field below and select Set Active. You should notice that the Active Handle value will be set to PhysicalDriveX. Click OK.

4. You are now in the boot record (MBR) of the physical disk. You can verify this by the text that is displayed from position 8B, which should look something like this: “Invalid Partition Table...”. From the View menu, select Partition Table. All that remains is to select the required section number, marked with a question mark.

5. Next we will need two values: Total Sectors (total number of sectors) and Relative Sectors (relative sector number). Write down the Relative Sectors value, this is where the boot sector should be located. To find its copy, you will need to carry out simple calculations.

6. Select Sectors. In the Starting sector field, enter the value determined in the previous step. In the Number of sectors field, enter 1. Click Read and we should get to the archived copy of the boot sector.

7. From the View menu, select Bytes and check whether this is really an NTFS sector. After checking, go to the Sectors menu, select Write, and check the Handle and PhysicalDrive values in the dialog box that appears. In the "Starting Sector to write Data" field, enter the relative number of the sector that you wrote (Relative Sectors) and click the Write button.

8. In the Sectors menu, specify the relative sector number again, enter 1 in the Number of sectors field, and select Read. You can now verify that the data was written correctly.

9. Close Disk Probe and restart your computer.

Recovering boot sectors of an extended disk partition

1 . In Disk Probe, select Drives, Physical Drive. Select PhysicalDriveX, where X is the disk number, which can be found in Disk Administrator.

2. Double-click to open the desired PhysicalDriveX, uncheck Read Only in the field below and select Set Active. You should notice that the Active Handle value will be set to PhysicalDriveX. Click OK.

3. From the Sector menu, select Read. In the Starting Sector field we set the value to 0, and for the Number of Sectors - 1. Click Read.

4. You are now in the boot record (MBR) of the physical disk. You can verify this by the text that is displayed from position 8B, which should look something like this: “Invalid Partition Table...”. From the View menu, select Partition Table. In this mode, in the Partition Table Index field, select a partition of the extended disk area. Next, the value Extended should appear in the System ID field. If the required partition is the fourth logical drive in the extended area, you will have to click the Next partition button four times. The System ID field must be NTFS.

5. In the Pattition Table Index area, double-click on the required partition in the extended area of the disk. The System ID should appear as Extended.

Let's move on to the logical volume that needs to be restored. If it is the second one in this area of the disk, the Next Partition button must be pressed twice. When moving between volumes of an extended disk partition, the System ID field will display file system each volume.

When the partition to be restored is found, write down the current sector number (Current Sector in the Disk Probe header), the relative sector number (relative sector) and the total number of sectors in this volume (total sectors). We will need this information to calculate the location of the archived copy of the boot sector.

6. Click the Go button to navigate to the boot sector of the damaged volume. Note down the number of this sector from the window title (Boot Sector).

To check that you are on the correct sector, select Bytes from the View menu. If the sector is severely damaged, you will see an error message on the right side of the window.

To find a copy of the boot sector, we need three recorded values: the current sector, the relative sector number, and the total number of sectors.

7. Let’s make the necessary calculations:

8. Select Sectors, Read and enter the calculated value in the Starting sector field. Number of sectors (Number of sectors 1). Select Read and you should be in the sector where the archived copy of the boot sector is located.

From the View menu, select Bytes and make sure that this is the NTFS boot sector. If this is not the case, an error message should appear in the right column of text. In this case, do not continue, start the whole process over again to eliminate errors.

9. Once you are sure that you have found an archived copy of the boot sector, write it over the main one. In the Sectors menu, select Write. In the dialog box that appears, check the Handle and PhysicalDrive values. In the Starting Sector field, enter the number of the sector in which the damaged boot sector is located. Click the "Write it" button to record.

10. From the Sectors menu, select Read. As the starting sector, again specify the number of the sector in which you wrote the archive copy, the number of sectors is again 1. Select Read and make sure that the data has been written.

11. Close Disk Probe and restart your computer.

Application

The described steps are suitable for:

Microsoft Windows 2000 Server
Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Edition
Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 3.5
Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 3.51
Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Developer Edition
Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.5
Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.51
Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 Standard Edition
Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Windows XP SP2

Boot from the emergency system floppy disk and run the SYS C: command, which will create a Boot Sector on the system disk and copy the system files there. Make sure that the operating system versions on the floppy disk and the disk being restored are the same.

It is easier to perform Boot Sector recovery in an "automatic" way, but this does not exclude the possibility of "manual" recovery using pencil, paper and a disk editor. As mentioned above, if there are intact (or at least partially damaged) logical structure elements on the disk being restored, save them as files on the backup disk.

Not an easy case. Not only the Boot Sector was destroyed

But at the same time there is a copy of the necessary system areas in the form of files or disk areas.

Perform standard formatting of the main disk partition, i.e. format C: command. In this case, the file structure of the formatted disk partition is formed with the reconstruction of the Boot Sector, clean FAT and Root Directory, the data area is not affected, i.e. the information in the Data Area does not change.

Check that the root directory location is correct. To do this, DiskEditor, in the cluster viewing mode of the newly created partition, by searching for the “Subdirectory” object, check the coincidence of the physical cluster numbers and the cluster number in the first entry of the found subdirectories. If the numbers do not match, it is necessary to adjust the value of the number of FAT sectors in the Boot Sector boot record. The adjustment is carried out by increasing the sectors by a number that is a multiple of half the number of sectors in the cluster. As a rule, such an adjustment is necessary in cases of non-standard disk partitioning or after artificially resizing partitions.

If you are lucky and you have surviving FAT and/or Root Directory images reserved as files, you should use DiskEditor to restore them to disk. If you have a second copy of FAT, but the first one does not, you should copy the second copy in place of the first copy.

If you still have one of the copies of FAT and the root directory, after completing all the steps above, full access to the information on the disk will be restored.

How to restore Boot Sector manually

The Boot Sector address can be found in the physical sector with coordinates 0/0/1 (Track/Head/Sector) in the Partition Table element corresponding to the section. Next, you need to go to this sector and view it in Boot Record format (F7 key in Disk program Editor). If there is “garbage” in the fields of the root sector, then this sector must be manually restored. You need to fill the rest of the boot sector with zeros or copy the boot sector of the system floppy disk to this place if the disk partition is active (C:). Then you need to manually fill in the control fields of this sector:

Boot Record field	Correct value
	You can write your name here
Bytes per sector
Sectors per cluster	We'll calculate later
Reserved sectors at beginning

Root directory entries
Total sectors on disk	This value is taken from the Partition Table (+0Ch field in the corresponding element)
Media descriptor byte
Sectors per FAT	We'll calculate later
Sectors per track
	The value is taken from Drive info
Special hidden sectors	This value is equal to the Relative Sectors value (field +08h in the corresponding Partition Table element) If the disk is not bootable, then the number 8388608 (800000h) is added to this value

In this table, the Sectors per FAT and Sectors per Cluster fields were left blank. They need to be calculated additionally:

Sectors per FAT: We look through the disk sectors following the Boot Record until we find the beginning of the root directory. We remember the coordinates of the directory sector. Then we calculate the relative number of this sector relative to the Boot Record on the basis that the Number of Sides on the disk, the Number of Sectors per Track and the Relative address of the Boot Record = 1 are known. Then we find the required S/F field:

S/F:= (<Относ. сектор каталога>-1) div 2.

Sectors per Cluster: This value must be selected based on the fact that it can take the values 8 sect/clast or 4 sect/clast.

Note. This description applies to FAT 16. If the drive uses FAT 32, please refer to its description

Friends, many of you have repeatedly had problems loading the operating system and asked the question how to restore loading Windows 7 and make sure that the operating system boots normally. In this article, we will look at the most common ways to restore the Windows 7 bootloader, which help in most cases.

1. Restore Windows 7 boot using the recovery tool

Boot from your Windows version 7. The main thing is that the system bit size matches (32-bit or 64-bit). Also, it is desirable that the release coincides (Home, Professional, Ultimate).

Instead of installing, select System Restore.

Go to the System Recovery Options window and select the Startup Repair tool.

After this, the recovery program will search for errors in the boot sector and boot Windows section 7 and, if detected, will try to correct them. After this, you will need to reboot the system and Windows 7 may boot normally.

If you were unable to restore your download the first time using the tool Windows recovery 7, then try repeating this process 1-2 more times. This often helps since a repair tool can't always fix multiple problems in one pass.

2. Restore Windows 7 boot using the command line

If you were unable to restore your Windows 7 boot using the automatic repair tool, then try using the command line. Boot into your version of Windows 7 and select System Restore instead of installing.

Go to the System Recovery Options window and select the Command Prompt recovery tool.

After this, a window with a black background will appear in which you will need to write several commands.

Enter the following commands in turn:

bootrec/fixmbr

bootrec/fixboot

bootsect /nt60 ALL /force /mbr

exit

Switching the language is done using the key combination “Alt” + “Shift”. After entering each command (line), you need to press the “Enter” key.

Then restart your computer.

After this, in most cases, problems related to the boot sector and Windows boot loader 7 will disappear and the operating system will boot normally.

If, after using the command line, Windows 7 still does not boot, then try again using the automatic boot repair tool, as we discussed above.

3. Restore Windows 7 boot with system reinstallation

If you were unable to restore the operating system boot using the methods described above, you will most likely have to delete the partitions.

Before reinstalling Windows 7, copy all important files from your hard drive to or. This can be done using any boot disk LiveCD. Please note that external drive or flash drive must be connected to the PC before booting from the LiveCD, otherwise they may not be detected.

If, due to boot errors, you cannot reinstall Windows 7, then remove all partitions from the disk using a third-party utility, for example, Acronis Disk Director boot disk. After that, try again by creating new partitions.

If at reinstalling Windows 7 at the stage of setting up the disk (creating partitions, selecting a partition for installation) or when restarting the computer during the installation process, you encounter the same boot errors, then run command line and run the commands we discussed above.

Errors when using Disk Utilities

Incorrect activators

Installing Windows on an existing partition along with a bootloader

In order to prevent loading problems in the future, you need to determine what exactly led to the problem and not repeat these mistakes. If you are unable to restore Windows boot, or other errors occur with the installation and operation of the system, please visit the website http://esate.ru where you will find instructions for solving various problems with the operating system.

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