How to make a switch from a router. General information about switches Basic elements of the system

An ignition switch is available on every car, regardless of model and year of manufacture. Devices can be divided into separate types, but the principle of their operation remains approximately the same. But not every car enthusiast knows what it is and what function a regular switch performs, without which it would be impossible to start the engine and drive off.

It's simple electronic device It just performs the function of sparking. But malfunctions in its operation can lead to instability of the engine at idle speed or in other operating modes of the unit. Sometimes they start looking for a problem in the engine systems instead of figuring out whether the electrical impulse of the ignition system switch is formed correctly.

You can check its operation both in the service and at home. True, in the second case you will have to purchase or make a special device yourself. But you will always have a device at hand with which you can determine the cause of difficult ignition or other common problems in the operation of the car.

What is an ignition switch

This clever word, in fact, means a primitively simple device. It is responsible for sparking in the ignition system. The moment of sparking occurs in the ignition unit. And the switch is a small electronic device that controls the unit.

For greater understanding, any ignition system is divided into two main parts - a control system and a spark discharge execution system. The control system forms the moment the spark appears, and the execution system directly forms this spark. This article will focus specifically on spark control in the ignition system. But in order to understand its functions a little, we should recall some points from automotive history.

Video what a switch is:

First switches

The first cars were equipped with the simplest ignition system control units. The diagram of their operation is shown below.

This circuit uses the principle of self-induction. A break in the current flow circuit in the bobbin winding is accompanied by a secondary high-voltage EMF. In this case, a spark appears at the spark plug contact. The circuit is broken due to the closure of the contacts on the breaker.

This ignition switch circuit is simple and reliable, which is why it has been installed on cars for a long time, despite its obvious shortcomings. Even after changing the elementary base, the original principle of operation of the device was preserved.

The main disadvantage of such a system is that it is too high current flowing through the coil. As a result, sparking appears in the breaker, it melts and burns the contacts. To this should be added the short duration of the spark discharge. As a result, a richer fuel mixture is required for proper ignition, poor engine response at low speeds appears, and fuel consumption increases.

But over time, the automotive industry reached a new level, and electronic ignition switches began to be used in ignition systems.

Electronic switch

The operation of the new generation ignition switch is based on the use of electronic keys. Transistors VT1 and VT2 are used as them. Their use reduces the load on the breaker contact and increases the current that flows through the coil winding. As a result of this decision, the performance characteristics of the device have increased:

  • the reliability of the system has increased;
  • the system can now operate at high engine speeds and at significant driving speeds;
  • the compression ratio has increased.

Electronic systems can be of the following types:


To achieve high reliability and performance, two-channel systems are used. And also - multi-channel, or multi-spark switches.

Hybrid Switches

They should be analyzed in a little more detail. The ignition cam switch system, diagrammed above, uses a cam distributor and an electronic switch with a coil. The use of electronic ignition elements significantly increases efficiency of this device and increase its reliability. Instead of a Hall sensor, cams are connected to the switch. You can connect them yourself.

The ease of use of this circuit is characterized by the fact that if the switch fails, you can switch the wires to the old coil and then you can drive on cam ignition.

Contactless switches

With the introduction of electronic devices into the ignition system, auto manufacturers eventually began to abandon contact switches. Voltage breakers have begun to be replaced by contactless sensors. How does such a switch work? It's quite simple: the device now receives signals from a node called a Hall sensor. By the way, contactless switches were first used in domestic cars for the VAZ 2108.

When using the sensors, interruptions in sparking disappeared, the error between the moment of ignition of the combustible mixture in the right and left cylinders decreased. But the problem of finding the optimal dependence of the ignition timing on the unit speed has not gone away. An advanced ignition switch with a microcontroller system helped eliminate this problem.

In them, the signal from the electronic sensor is supplied to input X1. In this device, signal processing is performed by a microcontroller, which determines the moment the coil is turned on and off. Its switching is determined by transistor switches that control the controller signal. As a result, the lead angle graph looks like this:

Dual channel switch

You can make a two-channel switch yourself. To do this, you do not need to have in-depth knowledge of electrical engineering or be a good mechanic. But minor adjustments to the ignition system will ensure its uninterrupted operation in various driving conditions. Single-pin switches are long outdated. And the converted version will immediately allow you to feel its advantages. So, you will need to perform the following procedure:

  • remove the distributor cover;
  • disconnect the high-voltage drive from the coil;
  • using a starter, set the resistor perpendicular to the unit;
  • make a mark on the distributor and the engine where it coincides with the middle of the distributor;
  • remove the old distributor, having first unscrewed the fastenings;
  • turn off the drive going from the coil to the distributor;
  • take a new distributor, remove the cover from it and install it on the engine according to the mark;
  • fix the mounting fork, put on the cover with the drives;
  • we replace the coil with a new one and connect the wires to it;
  • Now you can start the engine.

Of course, the procedure will take some time, because many actions will be related to the car’s electrical system. But a two-channel ignition switch will make it easier to start the car, and at the same time save fuel and maintain engine resources.

How to Troubleshoot a Switch

Despite the obvious advantages of newer switches, they have one drawback: identifying a problem in their operation is more difficult than in the case of single-pin devices. This problem especially concerns those drivers who have installed new switches in their car. As a rule, faults in two-pin or electronic switches can only be identified in specialized conditions. service centers. But you should also pay attention to obvious signs in the operation of ignition systems:

  • The engine does not start, there is no ignition spark on the spark plugs;
  • the unit stalls a few minutes after it starts;
  • unstable engine operation.

If at least one of these signs is observed, then it is worth replacing the device with a working one.

Important! Many VAZ cars, as well as some other relatively inexpensive car brands, include low-quality switches. Therefore, it is better to carry a spare, working device with you so that it can be replaced in a timely manner in case of breakdown.

You can also check the serviceability of the device using a voltmeter. When the ignition is turned on, the needle should be in the middle of the scale. Then it will swing to the right when the power is turned off. These indicators of the device will indicate the normal operation of the switch.

Can also be used homemade device to test the switch. He is control lamp, which you can easily do with your own hands. One end of the lamp is connected to ground, the other to the output of the coil. If the ignition is turned on, then if the device is working properly, after a short period of time the lamp will burn a little brighter.

The switch is an electronic component to ensure the operation of a contactless ignition system. It is transitional between contact and microprocessor. The latter, the most advanced, allows you to control the torque using data read from sensors - oxygen, speed, engine speed and others. But there are still many cars on the roads that have both contact breakers and contactless ones. Therefore, for maintenance and diagnostics, you need to know the purpose of all elements, as well as troubleshooting methods and their main symptoms. Before testing the switch, review all parts carefully.

Contactless ignition system

In total, there are three huge groups of systems - contact, contactless, microprocessor. The first is divided into two subgroups - contact and using a transistor operating in switch mode. Transistors are also used in the design of a contactless ignition system. This scheme began to be actively used in the early 80s of the last century. And it has a number of advantages, which will be discussed below. The switch circuit is simple; it can be implemented both on transistors and on a controller.

But the contactless ignition system also has many disadvantages when compared with a microprocessor one. The latter allows you to control almost all engine parameters. BSZ does not allow this; it also cannot be used normally on injection engines. The reason for the obsolescence of the contactless system lies not only in the development of electronics and the automotive industry, but also in the adoption of stringent measures to ensure the environmental friendliness of internal combustion engines. Unfortunately, only microprocessor control can reduce the amount of harmful substances in the exhaust.

Main elements of the system

Of course, the first thing to mention is the spark plugs. They are installed in the cylinder head, the electrodes come out from the inside. These are the elements that allow the air-fuel mixture to ignite. But with the help of spark plugs alone, the engine will not be able to run. It is necessary to monitor the position of the crankshaft to know what position the pistons are in the cylinders.

For this purpose, an inductive sensor operating on the Hall effect is used. It is part of the design of another element - the ignition distributor. The sensor produces a pulse that is sent to the switch. This device allows you to amplify a weak signal to a voltage of 12 volts, and then apply it to a coil. A coil is nothing more than a simple transformer (step-up). Its secondary winding has a greater number of turns than the primary. Due to this, the voltage increases and the current decreases. The voltage in the BSZ is supplied to the spark plugs at a value of 30-35 kV (depending on the car model).

How is BSZ better than contact?

Having carefully read the previous section, you can see that the system uses inductive contactless sensor Holla. The advantage is obvious - there is no friction and commutation. For comparison, look at the contact system. In it, the breaker switches the voltage, the value of which is 12 Volts. Whatever one may say, metal contacts constantly come into contact with each other, gradually wear out, and become covered with soot.

For these reasons, it is necessary to constantly monitor the breaker, adjust the gap, and carry out timely replacement. BSZ is devoid of these shortcomings, therefore, without third-party intervention, the system operates much longer. The Hall sensor fails very rarely, as does the switch. This increases the reliability of the system, but precautions must also be taken, in particular, the connection of the switch to the body must be as tight as possible to ensure effective heat exchange. In addition, BSZ allows you to improve engine performance, increase, albeit slightly, its power, along with increasing reliability.

How does a switch work?

Essentially, a switch is a simple signal amplifier. It can even be compared with the Darlington assembly, which is used in microcontroller technology to convert weak signal from the output port to the required level. The basis of this assembly is field-effect transistors operating in switch mode. An operating voltage is applied to them, a signal is sent to the control terminal, which is amplified and removed from the collector.

The ignition switch has an almost similar operating scheme. Only the signal from the Hall sensor is used. It has three outputs - control, common, plus power. When a metal plate appears in the sensor area, a current is generated, which is supplied to the input of the switch. Next, the signal is amplified and supplied to the primary winding of the coil. The entire system is powered only after the ignition is turned on (after turning the key).

Basic Switch Elements

The switch circuit is quite simple, but making this unit yourself is pointless, since buying a ready-made version will be much easier. Installation must be carried out as competently as possible, otherwise the device will not operate correctly. In addition, when using transistors, you need to carefully select them according to their parameters, and for this you need to have high-quality measuring equipment. Unfortunately, for two identical semiconductors, the spread of characteristics can be very large. And this affects the operation of the device.

The VAZ switch, designated 76.3734, consists of one main element - the L497 controller. It is designed specifically for use in contactless ignition systems. The domestic analogue of this controller is KR1055HP2. Their parameters are almost identical, which allows you to use any of the controllers. In addition, this chip allows you to connect a tachometer located on the dashboard of the car. But you can also use a simpler circuit, which is an amplifier unit of two stages. True, the reliability of such a device is much lower.

Switch connection

Cases vary, and it is possible that you will have to change the wiring. Therefore, you will need to take into account the purpose of all pins on the switch plug. This will allow the connection to be made correctly, and there will be no risk of damaging it. The first pin of the switch is the output. In other words, the amplified signal is removed from it. It must be connected to the terminal of the “K” coil. The second contact is connected to ground - the negative of the battery.

All three wires from the Hall sensor go to the VAZ switch. Moreover, the signal wire is connected to the sixth terminal of the switch. The fifth is the power output (the voltage on it is stable 12 Volts). The third output of the switch is ground (minus power). The third is connected inside the block to the second. But between the fourth, which is supplied with power from the battery, and the fifth there is a constant resistance and a voltage stabilizer.

How to check

There is nothing complicated in this procedure. The easiest way is to use a known-good node, since you can check the switch this way in literally a matter of minutes. But if there is none, and you need to determine exactly whether the fault is in the coil or in the switch, it is wiser to use other methods. You will need a simple incandescent lamp. If you don’t know where to get it, then unscrew it from the interior lamp or from the side lights.

Connect one terminal of the lamp to the negative of the battery. Connect the second one to pin “1” of the switch. This is the same pin from which the amplified signal is removed. If the lamp lights up, then the device is working properly. A more advanced testing method is carried out using an oscilloscope. On the screen you can see the magnitude and shape of the signal, and also compare it with the reference one.

Ignition settings

When setting up the ignition, you will need to do the most important thing - install the shafts according to the marks so that the gas distribution functions synchronously with the operation of the piston group. This is the first thing you should do before you start adjusting the ignition. It is worth noting that there should not be any particular difficulties during setup, especially on VAZ 2108-21099 cars. The thing is that the ignition distributor on the engines of these machines can only be installed in one position. Moreover, the ignition switch does not undergo any settings during this procedure, since it does not have any.

The distributor body rotates around its axis to make more precise adjustments. And this turns out to be enough. To accurately set the moment, you can use the simplest scheme, it uses a simple LED as an indicator. The Hall sensor is disconnected from the system, and positive power is supplied to its negative terminal. An LED is switched on between “+” and the signal LED, and a 2 kOhm resistance is connected in series with it to reduce the voltage. But the plus of the Hall sensor is connected to ground. Now all that remains is to slowly rotate the distributor housing. The moment when the diode lights up will be the desired one.

conclusions

There are many advantages to such a simple knot in contactless system ignition like a switch. This includes an increase in power, even if only slightly, a reduction in fuel consumption, and a significant improvement in the engine in terms of reliability. And most importantly, there is no need for constant monitoring and timely adjustment of the system. The modern driver does not want to repair a car, he needs a means of transportation. Moreover, it is reliable and will not let you down at the most crucial moment. Regardless of which switch is used in the BSZ, its efficiency is much higher than that of a contact breaker.

Switches(switch) are devices that receive incoming packets, store them temporarily, and then move to another port to the address of the packet recipient. Switches can be used to connect different LANs in a LAN segment (such as reducing the number of competing sites for an environment in the same domain) and to overcome the segment diameter limitation.

Switches, made of copper and optical interfaces are a current solution for corporate customers and service providers. "Copper" Ethernet interfaces of switches are the most common in corporate networks and support multiple transmission speeds better communication between two devices. For convenience, many switches have ports for loading modules into an optical or 10 Gbps interface.

Switches are divided into second and third level switches, managed and unmanaged, as well as fixed and modular. The ability to switch data based on network layer address information distinguishes third-level switches from second-level ones

Instructions for installing network equipment

If you want to create a local network, you definitely need a device that connects computers in unified system. This device is switch (switch). Our material contains detailed instructions on installing and connecting the switch.

Definitions

Network switch is a device that connects several computers/servers into a single network to which all network cables converge.

Patch cord- (cable) - a connector with which one electrical device is connected to another. There are connectors at both ends of the cable.

Installation algorithm

Unpack and remove the switch from the box.

We check for external damage to the equipment, scratches; the equipment may have been damaged during transportation.

We evaluate the completeness of the device, depending on the configuration. The kit includes:

Power cable, mount for installing the switch in a server rack, disk with software for management, configuration and administration from a computer or server, passport for equipment users; guarantee;

Connect the switch to the socket on the network, check its status. After connecting to the network, all switches should start blinking LEDs on the front panel and go out after 1-2 seconds, except one (power indicator). Once you are sure there is no damage, turn off the power.

Install the switch in a specially designated place in the server cabinet so that you have easy access to connect/disconnect patch cords. You will find a mount for the switch in the package.

If you do not need a router, like an Internet explorer, then you can operate it as a simple switch. A switch, or hub, is used to connect all PCs into one common local network. If we talk in simple language, then this is a kind of “tee” for combining all electronic computers. The advantage of the switch is the information transfer speed of each port - 100 Mb/s. Typically, the device is equipped with a four-port hub. So, let's find out how to configure a router as a switch to create a local connection between devices.

There are situations when you urgently need to organize a network, but all you have at hand is a router.

  1. Instructions for setting it up are provided with the router. You need to find it, but if you have lost it, you should look at its model on the back of the device, enter the number in the browser search box and download the proposed user manual for further work.
  2. Open the router's instruction manual and find a chapter on how to access the online management and configuration system.
  3. Connect your PC to this machine using a twisted pair patch cable. Regardless of whether a wireless network is created for operation or not, the network wire must be disposed of in this situation, since after setting up the Internet Explorer as a switch, the wireless network will disappear.

  1. Open a web browser window and enter address bar Router IP address. This address you can find it in the instructions. If you have difficulty locating it, use the standard addresses: 168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1. In the rarest cases, the IP address may differ, and to get it, you need to open the “Run” command by pressing the “Win ​​and R” combination. Then enter the command “cmd” into the window, and then command line write "IPCONFIG". In the “Default gateway” column you will see the address you are looking for.
  2. In the web interface that opens, enter your username and password. Usually this is the word admin, written in both fields in small Latin letters (this is also indicated in the manual). After entering the data, you will be taken to the Internet transmitter status page.
  3. To begin, select the menu items “Network” and “ The local network" and change the router's IP address so that it does not cause problems for your main Internet connection. For example, your address is 192.168.1.1, then to switch the router to a hub, enter 192.168.1.3.

  1. Now go to the "DHCP" menu tab and select "disable". The specified server provides an IP address for your computer. Now you won't need this function.
  2. The next step is to disconnect DNS servers. In the menu, select “Dynamic DNS” and remove the service provider address.
  3. If your router has the function enabled firewall, then it should also be disabled. Depending on your device model, this operation may look different. detailed instructions on disabling the firewall is presented in the user manual.
  4. If there is an “Operating Mode” tab in the web interface menu, go to it and select the “use as a gateway or switch” command. Not all devices have this function.

  1. Clear the port forwarding list. If there is such an item in the communication settings, then configure wireless network router as an access point.
  2. Finally, save all changes and reboot the device to apply all settings.

Now your router works solely as a hub, and you can easily set up local communication for your PC using it.

Cisco is one of the leading transnational corporations in the telecommunications equipment market.

Cisco products have gained recognition all over the world due to their reliability and unpretentiousness.

Cisco 2960 Setup: In this article, we will perform basic switch setup. The article will be useful to everyone starting to work with Cisco products.

Step 1: Connecting Cisco Equipment

Cisco hardware setup is very specific and somewhat different from .

For example, to perform the initial settings of Cisco switches, we will need a proprietary blue RJ-45 – RS-232 flat cable (included with the equipment) and a COM port on the computer from which the settings will be made.

The solution to the issue is to copy the HyperTerminal folder from Windows XP (directory location - Program Files) to any convenient catalog Windows 7/8.

To run the program, use the hypertrm .exe file, which can be found in the same folder.

Or use the Putty program, which, in addition to connecting to Cisco equipment, can be used to connect to servers, etc. using an SSH connection.

Let's move on to the connection. On the front panel of the switch, look for the RJ-45 connector labeled “Console”, and connect the cable.

Turn on the power to the switch.

We go to HyperTerminal on the computer, select the connector interface (COM1), the port speed is 9600 B/s, and give a negative answer (“No”) to all further questions.

Step 3. General principles for setting up Cisco equipment

For security purposes, Cisco switches have 2 command input modes available: user mode to check the status of the switch and privileged mode (analogous to the root user in UNIX or administrator in Windows) to change the switch configuration.

For users accustomed to working in UNIX systems, it will not be difficult to understand in which mode they work.

For users working on Windows, we will give an explanation - if the line before the command begins with the “#” character, you are in privileged mode.

The same applies to entering a password, as in UNIX systems, the password that the user enters is not displayed on the screen.

To switch to privileged mode, use the command “enable”, without quotes, and to exit “disable”.

Let's get started initial setup switch. When you boot your device for the first time, the installation wizard will prompt you to step-by-step setup, we abandon this step:

Continue with configuration dialog? :no

Then we find ourselves in user mode:

We switch to privileged mode; the default password, as a rule, is absent, so we do not enter anything, but press “Enter”.

Switch>enable

To set settings relating to the entire switch (setting the switch name, IP address, specifying a time synchronization server, etc.), the global configuration mode is used; to configure individual interfaces, there is an interface configuration mode.

Step 4: Basic Cisco 2960 Setup

1. Change the name of our switch (the default name is Switch):

Switch# configure terminal

Switch(config)# hostname Switch01 ( Set the name of the switch – Switch01)

Switch01(config)#

This then helps ensure that the configuration is performed on the correct device.

We also draw your attention to the fact that instead of long commands such as “configure terminal”, there are short analogues “conf t”.

2. Set the IP address for the switch management interface.

Switch01(config)# interface fa0/0 (specify the interface to configure)

Switch01(config-if)# no shutdown ( turn on the interface)

Switch01(config-if)# ip address 255.255.255.0 ( set the IP address and mask)

Switch01(config-if)# exit (exit interface configuration mode)

Switch01(config)#

3. Set a password for privileged mode:

Switch01(config)# enable secret pass1234 ( password pass1234)

Switch01(config)# exit

Switch 01#

Important! Setting a password can be done with two commands: password and secret. In the first case, the password is stored in the configuration file in clear text, and in the second, in encrypted form. If you used the password command, you must encrypt passwords stored in clear text on the device using the "service password-encryption" command in global configuration mode.

4. Since data during a telnet connection is transmitted in clear text, for remote connection We will use an SSH connection to the switch, which allows us to encrypt all traffic.

Switch01# conf t

Switch 01(config )# ip domain name geek -nose .com (Specify the domain, if there is no domain, write any)

Switch01(config)# crypto key generate rsa ( We generate an RSA key for ssh)

Switch01(config)# ip ssh version 2 ( Specify the ssh protocol version)

Switch01(config)# ip ssh authentication-retries 3 ( Set the number of connection attempts via ssh)

Switch01(config)# service password-encryption (Save passwords in encrypted form)

Switch01(config-line)# transport input ssh ( Allow connections via ssh only)

Switch01(config-line)# exec timeout 20 0 ( We activate automatic disconnection of the ssh session after 20 minutes)

Save the settings)

Important! To exit the configuration submenu one level higher, for example, from “config -line" to "config" use the "exit" command. For full exit from configuration mode, use the “end” command.

It was described above basic setup ssh , more advanced settings can be found below:

Switch01# conf t

Switch01(config)# aaa new-model ( Enable AAA protocol)

Switch 01(config )# username root privilege 15 secret pass 1234 (Create a user root , with maximum privilege level – 15, password pass 1234)

Switch 01(config )# access -list 01 permit 192.168.0 0.0.0.255 (Create an access rule called 01 that regulates the right to log in via ssh to all hosts on the network 192.168.0.0/24; instead of the network address, you can specify a specific IP address.

Consider carefully whether such a setting is necessary for your tasks.)

Switch 01(config )# line vty 0 2 (Go to the mode of conferencing and terminal lines)

Switch 01(config -line )# privilege level 15 (Allow entry directly into privileged mode)

Switch 01(config -line )# access -class 23 in (We bind the created access rule by ssh to terminal line)

Switch 01(config -line )# logging synchronous (It is very inconvenient when switch log messages interrupt command input.

By disabling log messages with this command, the switch waits for the completion of the entered command, as well as the output of a report on its execution, after which, if necessary, it outputs a log)

Switch 01(config -line )# end (Exit configuration mode)

Switch01# copy running-config startup-config ( Save the settings)

This completes the basic configuration of the Cisco 2960 switch.

Setting up Cisco in 30 minutes from scratch

Setting up Cisco 2960: installing the switch

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