A lithium ion or lithium polymer battery is better. Which battery is better: Li-polymer or Li-Ion. Features of using lithium batteries

The lithium polymer battery is an improvement over the traditional lithium-ion battery. Its main difference is the use of a special polymer material, in which gel-like lithium-conductive inclusions are used as filling. This type of battery is used in many models of mobile devices, phones, digital devices, radio-controlled cars, and so on.

A traditional lithium polymer battery for household use cannot deliver too much current. However, today there are special power types of such devices that can produce a current that is many times higher than its capacity in ampere-hours.

Lithium polymer battery device

The difference between a lithium polymer and a lithium ion energy carrier lies in the type of electrolyte used. In polymer batteries, a special polymer with a lithium-containing solution is used, and in ionic batteries, a conventional gel electrolyte is used. In the power systems of most modern models, it is the lithium polymer battery that is used. This is because it provides more powerful discharge currents. However, there is no too strict separation between these types of batteries, since they differ only in the nature of the electrolyte. This applies to the features of charging and discharging, operating rules and safety precautions.

Main characteristics

A modern lithium polymer battery with the same weight is significantly more energy intensive than nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. They have a number of working cycles of approximately 500-600. Recall that for NiCd it is 1000 cycles, while for NiMH it is about 500. Like lithium-ion, polymer carriers also age over time. Therefore, after 2 years, such a battery will lose up to 20% of its capacity.

Types of power lithium polymer batteries

Today there are two main types of such batteries - standard and fast-discharge. They differ among themselves in terms of the level of the maximum discharge current. This indicator is indicated either in units of battery capacity or in amperes. In most cases, the maximum discharge current level does not exceed 3C. However, some models can supply a current of 5C. In fast-discharge devices, a discharge current of up to 8-10C is allowed. However, for household appliances fast-discharge models are not used.

Application features

The use of a lithium-polymer battery can significantly increase the operating time of an electric motor with a reduced weight of the battery itself. Therefore, if you replace a regular NiMH 650 mAh battery with two conventional lithium-polymer batteries, you can get 3 times more capacious energy carrier. Moreover, such a battery will be more than 10 g lighter. If you take fast-discharge batteries, then even higher performance can be achieved. Such a system will be an excellent option not only for small aircraft or helicopter models, but also for impressive radio-controlled devices.

Lithium polymer batteries, as opposed to lithium-ion, have performed well in small helicopters such as the Hummingbird and Piccolo. Similar models with conventional brushed motors can fly on two polymer batteries for half an hour. When using a brushless motor, this time increases to 50 minutes. This type of battery is considered ideal for lightweight indoor aircraft. Their effectiveness in this case is due to their much lower weight compared to NiCd batteries.

The only direction in which the lithium-polymer battery is inferior to NiCd is the use in devices with an ultra-high discharge current of up to 50 C. However, it is quite possible that more powerful batteries of this type will appear in a few years. At the same time, the prices for lithium-polymer, lithium-ion and NiCd batteries are approximately the same for the same mass of devices.

Features of operation

The rules for operating lithium-polymer and lithium-ion batteries are very similar. When using a polymer type battery, certain hazardous situations must be avoided that could cause irreparable harm to it:

• charging the device with a voltage of 4.2 volts per can;
• discharge by currents with a load capacity exceeding the required one;
• discharge with voltage below 3 volts per cell;
• depressurization of the battery;
• heating the device above 60 degrees;
• long-term storage in a completely discharged state.

Lithium-polymer and lithium-ion batteries are fire hazardous during overheating and overdischarging. To combat this phenomenon, all modern batteries are equipped with a built-in electronic system which prevents overdischarging or overheating. This is why a lithium polymer battery requires special charging algorithms.

Charger

The process of charging lithium polymer batteries is practically the same as charging lithium-ion batteries. Charging of most lithium polymer batteries at a starting charging current of 1C is achieved in about 3 hours. In order to achieve a full charge, it is necessary to have a voltage across the battery that meets the upper threshold. In addition, a prerequisite is a decrease in the charge current to 3% of the nominal value. At the same time, during such a charge, such a battery always remains cold. If you want to keep the battery constantly charged, then it is advisable to recharge approximately once every 500 hours, which corresponds to 20 days. As a rule, charging is usually carried out when the voltage at the battery terminals drops to 4.05V. Charging is stopped after the voltage at the terminals reaches 4.2V.

Charging temperature

Most lithium polymer batteries can be charged at a temperature of 5-45 degrees at a current of 1C. If the temperature is in the range from 0 to 5 degrees, then it is recommended to switch to a current of 0.1C. In this case, charging at subzero temperatures is completely prohibited. Traditionally, it is believed that the most favorable conditions for charging are 15-25 degrees. Since all charging processes in lithium-polymer and lithium-ion batteries are almost identical, the same chargers can be used for them.

Discharge conditions

Traditionally, this type of battery is discharged at 3.0V per battery. However, some types of devices need to be discharged at a minimum threshold of 2.5V. Mobile device manufacturers provide a shutdown threshold of 3.0V, which will be suitable for all types of batteries. That is, as the battery is discharged when the mobile device the voltage gradually drops and, when the indicator reaches 3.0V, the device automatically warns you and turns itself off. However, the device still continues to consume a certain amount of power from the battery. This is required in order to detect when the power button has been pressed or for other similar functions. Also, the energy here can be used for its own protection and control circuit. Moreover, a low level of self-discharge still remains characteristic of lithium-polymer carriers. Therefore, if you leave such batteries for a long time, then the voltage in them may drop below 2.5V, which is very harmful. All internal protection and control systems may be disabled. As a result, such batteries can no longer be charged with conventional chargers. In addition, full discharge is very detrimental to the internal structure of the battery. Therefore, a completely discharged battery must be charged at the first stage with a minimum current of 0.1C.

Temperature condition during discharge

The lithium polymer battery performs best at room temperature. If the device is used in hotter environments, the battery life may be significantly reduced. When it comes to a lithium-ion battery, it works best in high temperatures. It initially prevents the internal resistance of the battery from increasing, which is believed to be a result of aging. True, in the future, the energy output is reduced and an increase in temperature accelerates the aging process due to an increase in internal resistance.

The lithium polymer battery has slightly different operating conditions, since it has a dry and solid electrolyte. The ideal temperature for its operation is 60-100 degrees. Therefore, such an energy carrier has become an ideal option for backup power sources in regions with hot climates. They are specially placed in a heat-insulating case with built-in heating elements powered from an external network.

• The lithium polymer battery is superior in capacity and durability to the lithium ion battery.
• Ease of use in the field when temperature control is not possible.
• High energy density per unit of weight and volume.
• Low self-discharge.
• Thin elements no more than 1 mm.
• Form flexibility.
• Lack of memory effect.
• Wide operating temperature range from −20 to +40 ° C.
• Insignificant voltage drop during discharge.

Disadvantages of lithium polymer batteries:

• Low efficiency at temperatures of -20 degrees and below.
• High price.

Today, robotic kits are beginning to significantly help in human learning. Recently on the global stage for innovators and cutting edge technologies (at the exhibition consumer electronics CES 2020) debuted one of the leading providers of educational STEAM solutions(the term refers to teaching using science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics as points of interaction for conducting surveys, dialogues with students and creating critical thinking). The debutant was the company Matatalab (Matatalab), attracting attention with a line of robotic kits Matatalab Coding Set and Matatalab Lite - sought to test innovative technologies. Which help develop computational thinking skills and prepare children for the digital world.

Matatalab's surprisingly simple robotic kits follow the development of children's cognitive abilities (from concrete to abstract) and use simple character designs so that learning children can understand coding and computational thinking through fun yet challenging play-based quests.

It is a practical robot for children from 4 to 9 years old. Encourage kids to learn basic coding / programming concepts through adventure and hands-on play! Using coding blocks with a light hand, kids can now learn to program without screens.

For many years of development, Matatalab has adhered to the principle of "Coding and Confidence to Make a Difference", Matatalab said.

Matatalab Lite is an adorable and easy-to-use robot encoder ready to take young children from the age of three on an exciting coding / programming adventure. It consists of a robotic machine with sensors and a wireless controller with three modes, namely control mode, coding mode and sensor mode.

The robotic set develops problem solving, critical thinking, creativity and collaboration skills for your kids through hands-on game programming. Children can happily learn basic concepts programming such as sequencing, conditionals, and debugging, and they will continually be challenged with more complex problems.

"The two founders of Matatalab previously worked for an industry-leading educational robotics company, supplying software and hardware for teaching programming to elementary school students around the world. Based on this experience, they identified the lack of programming products for young children on the market. Despite the educational value of STEM, computer science, programming, and computer thinking, learning to program is still limited to programming on tablets or computers. However, the Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA) standards have shown that children can learn the basics of programming during early childhood education. Therefore, they envisioned creating an easy-to-use robot for teaching programming for children with low thresholds, rich features and diverse application scenarios. They later founded Matatalab Co., Ltd and successively released "Matatalab Pro Set", "Matatalab Coding Set", and "Matatalab Lite". Instead of programming languages, these products use a tangible programming language that matches the cognitive characteristics of children aged 4-9 years. The coding kit is intended for children aged 4 and over. Given that the coding block is a programming language, no screen is required and children can edit their own programs like replacing building blocks. In addition, expansion packs such as music, painting and gauges are also available for children to achieve advanced learning skills. Designed specifically for 3-4 years old, the Lite series is equipped with a controller instead of code boards and blocks. This design is focused on the direction of exploration and consistency of children of this age, and it is beneficial for children to acquire basic sensory perceptions such as sound, light, color, and speed.

- History of the creation of robots, from Matatalab.

One of the founders is a graduate of the mathematics department of China's first Tsinghua University. He designed the entire product portfolio. Initially, a technical prototype was developed and demos built on Raspberry Pi boards. All of this has been verified by relevant teachers, students and parents in several communities and educational institutions. After proof of concept, it was presented to industry experts in different countries and discussed further optimization. Then the first round of investments took place. The team started to expand and the product design became more attractive. After a year of research and development, the product experience has improved significantly. Subsequently, 3D printing samples were tested in 13 countries and received feedback from many education experts, teachers and students in Europe and the United States. This helped to further improve product quality and ultimately achieve mass production. It is noted that safety and reliability are top priorities because the product is designed for children. Professional organizations and suppliers were found to solve supply chain and mass production problems, and the products were thoroughly tested to even pass food quality certification. Now it is the highest level of testing of toy products in the world, and according to the creators, the products can be as safe as baby bottles.

- Interesting moments that arose when creating robots, according to Matatalab.

When we visited investors to look for investments, the demo prototype was damaged during the trip. Thus, we could only play the role of a robot through gestures and body language to explain our practical coding concepts and how robots work. Fortunately, we have impressed investors and received investment. Of course, we believe that this is because our product is exceptional and that we are the pioneers of the blue ocean market, ”said Rishon Su, CEO of Matatalab.

The design principle of our product is low threshold and high ceiling. It's easy to get started, but the difficulty will increase step by step, constantly testing students' thinking abilities. We have developed three task guides. Many adults found them easy at first, but got lost in high-level tasks or spent a lot of time doing them. For example, a computer science teacher at the University of Chicago could only complete the last stage of our assignment in 6 minutes and 42 seconds. He joked that he would never tell his daughter about this experience. Therefore, while the game is very easy to learn, it is as difficult as an adult game, "said Tony Zheng, chief operating officer of Matatalab."

According to the creators of the Matatalab robotic training kits:

“Today Matatalab is used in 500-700 educational institutions of various levels from kindergarten to high school. The question of the number of institutions is very difficult because Digis does not work with end users and Matatalab has more than 120 active partners in all regions of the country.

In addition to public schools and kindergartens, Matatalab is used in private development centers as well as teacher development centers in many regions of the country.

In April 2020, the first interschool Matata competition may be held at a Moscow school. Eight kits have already been provided for developing assignments and preparing teams.

At about the same time (in March), the NTI 2020 Olympics will be held in the Siberian region of Russia, in the city of Novosibirsk, together with the Ministry of Education of the Novosibirsk Region. "

The Annual Amusement Parks and Attractions Exhibition (TAAPE) is due to be held in September, from the 9th to the 11th. TAAPE 2020 is the first and only professional entertainment show in Thailand (according to the organizers). The exhibition in Bangkok will showcase the latest achievements in the entertainment and leisure industry. The exhibitors will be both manufacturers producing children's products for the home and mechanical goods, as well as products for the theme park. From more than two dozen countries around the world, it is planned to attract companies and professional visitors. Participants from Russia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Burma, China, Korea, India, Taiwan, the Netherlands, Spain, Great Britain and other countries are expected. A good opportunity for foreign companies and distributors to promote their brand.

According to the organizers of TAAPE, this is the first exhibition dedicated to the theme parks, video games and entertainment products industry, which will serve as a showcase for the production and design of an entertainment and theme park company to enter the Southeast Asian market. There is a chance to meet potential business partners, trade buyers, investors and clients. The exhibition will cover the entire ASEAN area, serving as the most efficient trade channel for exhibitors' goods.

Themes of the TAAPE exhibition and exhibits:

Game machine, simulator, remote control equipment, various game machines, arcade, home game machine and peripherals, animation product, online game, carnival lottery, interactive game machine, doll machine, gift machine, camera with stickers, various coin dispensers , game tokens, game console displays, video game software, puzzle and entertainment equipment.

Robots, roller coasters, skates, ferris wheel, carousel, go-kart, sightseeing car, tour bus, cable car, simulated golf, simulated shooting system, drifting equipment, waterslide, ball for walking on water, sensory boat, water fountain, system cold fog, water purification equipment, wave generating equipment, extreme sports equipment, outdoor sports, climbing equipment, optoelectronic combined entertainment equipment, laser, lighting, pyrotechnics, special effects, motion pictures, 3D and 4D film , cinema equipment for water screens, executive equipment, special photographic equipment, special stereoscopic cinema projector, software for controlling vending machine, playground and entertainment center, ticketing system, kiosk, park lighting, outdoor landscape lighting, LED displays, LED lamps, parks sculpted sculpture and so on.

Baby cart, electric car, swing, preschool, inflatable attractions, air models, children's play frame, slide, swing, turntable, naughty castle, trampoline, entertainment combo toy, safety pillow and other equipment.

Park, scenic spot, landscape, tourism project planning, design and engineering, landscape sketch design, entertainment project design, leisure and entertainment product packaging.

The exhibition also plans to touch upon topics for objects of visit.

Various theme parks, water parks, scenic spots, film and television bases, resorts, leisure clubs, supermarkets, hotels;

Museums, science and technology museums, exhibition halls, ocean halls, preparation and maintenance of memorial buildings, property management.

Developers of various theme and industrial parks;

Government planning and design departments, and related procurement departments;

Various cultural tourism organizers and commercial real estate investors;

Distributors of goods for entertainment and video games, owners of gaming halls;

Relevant education departments, schools, vocational schools;

Sporting goods sellers, entertainment investors and other professionals;

Financial, insurance and venture investment institutions;

Other professionals related to the theme park and cultural tourism;

Game developers, operators, publishers, software and hardware vendors, research institutes, gamers, and so on.

Visitors to the new amusement parks and attractions trade show will have the opportunity to shake hands with industry experts, decision-makers and clients to discuss challenges and solutions.

The organizers of one of the major exhibition shows, "Asia Amusement & Attractions Expo", are going to hold it in May 2020 (from the tenth to the twelfth). At the exhibition dedicated to entertainment and attractions, planning to adhere to the main topics: high-tech equipment, games and devices for them, theme parks and attractions, inflatable equipment, water technology, children's entertainment. The organizers also plan to hold special events: a forum on the development of a theme park, an advanced seminar on the operation of indoor parks, a conference on the development of culture and tourism. The venue for the new exhibition should be a Chinese import-export fair complex. Geographically, it is located in the city of Guangzhou, which is located in China.

Over the past fifteen years, this exhibition has attracted trade visitors from more than fifty countries and regions. According to the organizers, many well-known exhibitors around the world are ready to participate in the new AAA 2020 exhibition, including Chinese exhibitors such as G-Look, UNIS, Golden Horse, Wahlap, Letian, Golden Dragon, Prodigy, Wangming, and foreign brands. such as Sacoa (Argentina), Embed (Australia), Semnox (India), F2 Systems Inc (Korea), Zone Laser Tag & Hologate (Germany), Wibit Sports (Germany), Delta Strike (New Zealand), Dragonautics (Singapore) , as well as others.

Virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR), 3D modeling, animatronics, systems for snow and ice, Laser tag (laser combat with automatic blasters), special effects and so on;

Arcade and video games, vending machines, play equipment, play sets and so on;

Photographic solutions, equipment for moving people, security equipment, theater equipment and materials, travel, architecture and design, reception equipment, clothing and so on;

Equipment and materials related to water, design and consulting in water parks and so on;

Playgrounds, trampoline, inflatable boats, gifts and plush toys, children's attractions and so on.

In addition, the organizing committee "AAA" additionally continues to visit major countries of the world (Russia, India, USA, UK, Japan, Korea, Dubai, Turkey, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and others) to connect with professionals from the entertainment industry and attractions.

Covering 120,000 square meters of exhibition space, the 15th AAA exhibition broke a record of 90,679 visits. Also, 1,100 exhibitors showcased their latest products and services. A new focus has been set up, the IP Licensing Pavilion, reflecting the new Culture + Tourism trend. According to the survey, 96% of exhibitors received promising results, and 94% of buyers found their products interesting.

Want to know about an incredibly good performing router? There is an Archer AX50 device - this is the latest wireless router from the Chinese company TP-Link Technologies. Unlike conventional routers released by the manufacturer "TP-Link", this model is equipped with the latest technology Wi-Fi that promises to improve Wi-Fi connection at lightning speed - thanks to the implementation of the standard wireless communication sixth generation IEEE 802.11ax.

The innovative design of the TP-Link Archer AX50 router has a classic rectangular shape with a lot of ventilation holes to cool the device. The model has four external non-removable antennas and several LED indicators to display the status of the router.

Which Wi-Fi router is better?

New router TP-Link Archer AX50 was presented Chinese brand as a device on Intel platform that offers users access to the latest connectivity in a turnkey system. It supports latest standard 802.1ax wireless connectivity, also known as WiFi 6, to improve overall speed and performance to prepare users for the future when upgrading existing solutions for home networks.

The latest version of Wi-Fi 6 wireless technology promises to make WiFi connections much faster than 802.11ac. High performance wireless (Wi-Fi 6) is now available on select mobile phones such as the Samsung Galaxy S10 and Apple iPhone 11.

At the moment, many routers with Wi-Fi function 6 is extremely expensive, it is possible that the TP-Link Archer AX50 variant is designed to allow for mainstream use Wi-Fi connection 6.

Additionally, consider what a router can do:

Wi-Fi 6s technology Intel technology Delivers three times faster speeds, more capacity, and lower latency than previous generation Wi-Fi 5, while Intel's dual-core processor delivers seamless performance;

Next-generation (data) speeds, up to 3 Gbps (2402 Mbps in the 5 GHz band and 574 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band) for faster 4K video streaming, video chats and online gaming;

The use of "revolutionary" technologies MU-MIMO and OFDMA allows you to connect more than 40 devices.

Protection with TP-Link HomeCare antivirus, which has parental controls;

Target Wake Time technology reduces power consumption of devices, which increases their battery life;

Easy router setup with the powerful TP-Link Tether app in minutes;

There is backward compatibility, the Archer AX50 router model supports all previous 802.11 standards and many devices with Wi-Fi;

A comment about the router from the manufacturer (TP-Link Russia press service):

"Archer AX50 is part of the "Archer AX" router line with Wi-Fi support 6 - a new generation of wireless communication (it also includes Archer AX11000, AX6000, AX3000, AX10, AX1500 and some others). TP-Link is the world leader in the supply of home wireless devices, therefore, of course, the company is guided by global trends and innovations taking place in this market.

One of these innovations was the presentation by Intel of chipsets with Wi-Fi 6 at the end of 2018 - and already in February 2019, TP-Link showed the first models with Wi-Fi 6 at the MWC 2019 in Barcelona. Archer AX50 just became the first example of cooperation between TP-Link and Intel (in addition to cooperation with Intel, various TP-Link devices are also supplied on chipsets from Qualcomm, Broadcom, Mediatek, and so on ... Google in the production of the Google OnHub router).

The reason why routers with Wi-Fi 6 began to appear was the increased demand for even faster Internet connection speeds, as well as higher bandwidth within the network. All this, in turn, is due to the growing number of wireless gadgets in modern households: today not only laptops and mobile phones are connected to Wi-Fi, but also televisions (television broadcasting is also gradually going "online"), smart home infrastructure devices, game consoles and multimedia devices, including those using augmented and virtual reality... In other words, if you do not take into account Mobile Internet then Wi-Fi is becoming the main medium of information transfer, and this environment needs improvement over time.

The Archer AX50 model is just designed for modern households that need a strong foundation to connect to the Internet and connect a large number of clients - with a backlog for several years to come.

Speaking about further market prospects, the following can be noted:

The number of clients that can be connected to Wi-Fi 6 infrastructure will grow;

There will be a growing number of technologies that will leverage Wi-Fi 6 speeds;

The smart home infrastructure will develop, and it will increasingly rely on Wi-Fi;

TP-Link, in turn, will present models on the international and Russian markets that meet the requirements of modern users.

We have large manufacturing facilities as well as several R&D centers in Asia and the United States - allowing us to quickly adapt these requirements into new products and developments. "

Final words:

Recently, the new TP-Link Archer range of routers meet the growing need for better connectivity solutions as consumers continue to integrate smarter devices into their homes that require growing bandwidth.

The new aircraft, called the Flying Gondola, optimizes flight performance through center of gravity control technology. Reliability that allows people to move safely is integral to air mobility. However, in order to widely use the Flying Gondola as a means of transportation in the air, its creators from Aeronext Inc (Japan) believe that both "safety" and " comfort ". So that every passenger can easily use the aircraft without any reason for doubt.

According to the developer Aeronext, the new concept of mobility in the air "Flying Gondola" not only provides "safety", but also "comfort", which differ from the traditional concept of air mobility, which mainly focuses only on the convenience of passengers.

When will the Flying Gondola replace conventional aircraft?

The Flying Gondola provides a new flight experience that Aeronext says allows the passenger to enjoy the freedom and freedom of flight, the scenery in the sky, according to Aeronext. Development goes forward and the next project "Next Mobility" will be the first principal prototype of "Flying Gondola", but more on that later in the review.

The aircraft's vertical takeoff and landing is controlled by a center of gravity technology called "Tiltbody".

The technology that forms an integral part of the new Flying Gondola concept is the recently announced Tiltbody technology (meaning the collective term for Aeronext's center of gravity control technology).

The developed technology stabilizes the takeoff and landing of VTOL aircraft (the term stands for vertical takeoff and landing). During the transition from takeoff to level flight, unlike traditional aircraft where the rotor is fixed, the movable rotor arm (called the "propeller arm") moves to achieve optimal flight performance while keeping the cockpit level relative to ground level. Perhaps this could mean that comfort and safety are maximized.

Also, the company is developing the first principal prototype of a single passenger aircraft Next Mobility. It is a prototype that embodies a new concept of air mobility like the Flying Gondola. It features 4D GRAVITY center of gravity technology and the newly announced VTOL Tiltbody center of gravity technology. The all-new Next Mobility is the first prototype to be a 1/3 the size of a single-seat aircraft.

In the future, Japanese developer Aeronext promises to announce similar aircraft that can be used by multiple people.

A comment on how the Flying Gondola drone was created from the creators:

Natsuko Ito, Global Marketing Director, Aeronext Inc .:

"Aeronext is a technology startup for UAV architecture founded in Japan in 2017 and we have invented the unique 4D GRAVITY® center of gravity control technology that significantly improves stability.

We have already announced several concept models for specific industrial applications using 4D GRAVITY®, such as shipping and inspection applications.

And this time, to further demonstrate the effectiveness of 4D GRAVITY®, we created the Flying Gondola concept of the mobile airplane, equipped with 4D GRAVITY® and other patented technologies that provide both safety and comfort.

We believe this is a realistic solution that will increase the social acceptability of air mobility by providing people with a new flight experience.

We used a unique "split architecture" with our patented 4D GRAVITY® technology, which separates the section of the cabin and the flying section so that the cabin always remains level with the ground.

The original idea for the 4D GRAVITY® was invented by our CTO, Mr. Suzuki, and this Flying Gondola concept model was created by him and his engineering team. "

A vehicle with remote controlled automatic navigation that does not require a pilot on board;

Smooth and stable transition from takeoff to level flight;

Comfortable fit in the machine because the seat is flush with the ground.

The passenger can relax and enjoy the conversation on the mobile phone;

It is easy to get into the aircraft even in a skirt or high heels;

Front, left and right sides of the aircraft are covered with glass to enjoy the view of flight;

The aircraft is equipped with special wings and a propeller system to prevent collisions even in an emergency landing.

If you've been tracking updates from the Apple team for iOS, then it should come as no surprise that with every new update Apple compiles an iPhone compatibility list. For example, while iOS 11 and iOS 12 were released for iPhone before iPhone versions 5S. This particular phone was an exception to the iOS 13 release compatibility list.

Naturally, the list can be replenished iPhone models the current year (12 and SE 2). So it is rumored that if this is true, when the iOS 14 update comes out, it will be available for all iPhone models following the list below:

IPhone 12 Pro Max (rumored only)
- iPhone 12 Pro (rumored);
- iPhone 12 (rumors);
- iPhone SE 2 or known as iPhone 9 (still on hearing);
- iPhone 11 Pro Max;
- iPhone 11 Pro;
- iPhone 11;
- iPhone Xs Max;
- iPhone Xs;
- iPhone X;
- iPhone XR;
- iPhone 8 Plus;
- iPhone 8;
- iPhone 7 Plus;
- iPhone 7;
- iPhone 6s Plus;
- iPhone 6s;
- And the iPhone SE model.

There is a rather long list of Apple phone models for the new OS than ever before. In addition, if this is the case, the update could also affect the 7th generation iPod Touch media player.

However, the same cannot be said for tablet computers. The report added that the debut in a couple of months, again according to rumors, the iPadOS 14 system may bypass the iPad Air 2 and iPad mini 4 (that is, support for tablets with Apple A8X and A8 chips will be discontinued). For iPadOS 14, users are left with the following list:

9.7-inch iPad Pro
- 10.5-inch iPad Pro;
- 11-inch iPad Pro;
12.9-inch iPad Pro
- iPad Air 3rd generation;
- iPad 5th generation;
- iPad 6th generation;
- iPad 7th generation;
- And the 5th generation iPad Mini model.

The list may be replenished, according to rumors, the forthcoming version of the tablet "iPad Pro 5G".

In 2019, with the release of iOS 13, the iPhone 5s, popular in Russia, "found itself without support." The smartphone has received six major updates to the mobile operating system in its life.

Considering the iPhone SE, iPhone 6S Plus, and iPhone 6S were latest models iPhones with headphone jacks, many Apple smartphone users preferred to hold onto their old iPhones for as long as possible. So if you're still using a 2015 iPhone, you may be able to breathe easy. A new rumor claims that iOS 14 will be compatible with the original iPhone 6S and iPhone SE.

New iOS 14 features and secrets:

What will iOS 14 be like?

In terms of functionality new system, then there is absolutely no information about what can be expected from iOS 14. IT Corporation Apple, like every year, is likely to unveil a new version of iOS at its annual WWDC (Worldwide Developers Conference), which will be held in the United States around June 2020. Latest version iPadOS is also making its debut at the event.

On this day, not only the announcement of the main changes is expected, but also the release date for iOS 14 for download to developers (for beta testing), and the release date for download for regular users.

We will definitely write a review of what new will be added to the system, what are the advantages of iOS 14 over version 13. Is it worth updating, about the end of support and possibly device problems after the update.

Apple has an incentive to maintain support for as many iPhones and iPads as possible for the new version of iOS 14. To increase the chance of user engagement with the latest subscription services features such as Apple Arcade and Apple TV +.

But since this is the first time we hear about iOS 14 in 2020, the information should be taken with the understanding that these are rumors. After all, details from leaks and rumors are sometimes misunderstood. We can all be convinced of the reality of the forecasts only after Apple itself presents a new version of the operating system at the end of this year.

Soon, we will discuss the burning secrets of iOS 14 (characteristics, functions, is it possible to jailbreak, if an error occurs during the update, how many gigabytes the system takes in the phone). We expect good news for older devices.

The mesmerizing Pyramid 804 computer case from AZZA is intended not only to demonstrate one assembly of powerful hardware. It is capable of supporting most assemblies that will fit in any common B-pillar chassis. For example, it supports motherboard EATX form factor, 300mm graphics card, two 2.5 '' SSD bays, one 3.5 '' HDD bay (bay is also compatible with 2.5 '' SSD) and also supports water cooling up to 360 mm in length or 120 mm fans in the amount of three pieces, at the bottom of the case. In other words, you can change Hardware as needed or at the request of the computer user.

Multifunctionality of the computer case

A definite plus is that the unusual Pyramid 804 computer case can be demonstrated to others in more than one way. In addition to the usual installation on a bottom surface, like pyramids, the manufacturer also offers an optional four-legged stand that allows the computer case to be installed upside down (upside down). The bottom of the computer case then becomes a flat surface, allowing the case to be practically used as a glass table.

Regardless of what you do with this unusual computer case, it will prove to be functional and pleasing to the eye in any circumstance.

Physical dimensions of the body-pyramid AZZA: Height 585 mm, width and length of the base 490 mm.

The new consumer electronics show CES 2020 (in Las Vegas, America) presented a huge collection of amazing robots designed to perform almost any task, from everyday worries to educating the good in a person. Perhaps as a reflection of our increasingly stressful lifestyles, this year's tech show was also filled with an amazing number of robots designed to provide companionship and alleviate feelings of loneliness.

The development of various technologies with the use of autonomous power sources constantly increases the requirements for rechargeable batteries. Nickel-based batteries are being gradually replaced by lithium ones. At the same time, technical characteristics are being improved and become better. Li-polymer and Li-Ion are new devices capable of powering devices ranging from mobile phones to electric vehicles and aircraft.

Features of lithium batteries

Experiments on creation began in 1912, but only in the early 70s did the first batteries appear, which began to be used in household appliances. The development of lithium-based batteries was difficult due to the fact that when working with charge-discharge cycles, thermal stability decreases and there is a danger of ignition of the device.

As a result of research, devices based on lithium ions have been developed.

Advantages and disadvantages of Li-Ion

Li-Ions are safe and have many benefits. Now there are many types of Li-Ion batteries, they have different characteristics, but we can talk about the advantages and disadvantages common to all types. Some of the bottlenecks have prompted the development of Li-polymer batteries.

Li-Ion batteries are always cylindrical in shape. The main advantages of this type of device:

• High energy capacity. Energy is released by a charged battery when discharged to the lowest allowable value.
• Low self-discharge.
• Maintenance free.
• No discharge cycles are needed to restore capacity.

The main disadvantage is the need for protective measures to limit the voltage during charging and maximum values current when charging and discharging. This counteracts the ignition of the element. Aging is an additional disadvantage of this type of battery.

Even if the battery is not used, over time, a significant decrease in capacity occurs.

Li-polymer battery

The electrical safety problems of Li-Ion led to the development of batteries in which the liquid electrolyte was replaced with a polymer. Thanks to the solid filling, the batteries can take any shape and have a small thickness. They are usually available in the form of a plate or bar, which allows them to be conveniently placed in the battery compartment. Li-Pol is a new type of battery that is environmentally friendly and has a high charge density. Used in mobile phones, cameras, digital technology.

Disadvantages of batteries Li-polymer type:

In order to mitigate all these shortcomings, battery manufacturers add a small amount of gel electrolyte to the polymer one.

Operating rules

The operating rules are divided into user-dependent and regulated by a controller specially built into the battery. The battery voltage must be within the range 4.2-2.7V... These are the maximum and minimum values. These numbers may vary slightly depending on the electrode material. The controllers do not allow the voltage in the battery to increase during charging. 4.2V, and the minimum voltage will depend on the device in which the battery is used.

For complex equipment, the minimum voltage may not be enough, and therefore phones and tablets often have an additional controller.

The greatest durability of the power supply is provided at a 45% charge level. Higher or lower values ​​reduce the service life of the device.

Rules that users must follow can significantly increase battery life. Key recommendations:

Which battery is better to use: Li-pol or Li-ion, equipment manufacturers decide on the basis of specific technological processes and product characteristics. The difference between these power supplies is not very big. But, although the properties of both types of batteries are similar, the peculiarity of the Li-polymer is that it uses a solid electrolyte, and the gel is added only to increase the ionic conductivity.

Advances in technology make it possible to expect a two to threefold increase in battery capacity in the coming years, but at the same time, the size will decrease, so the battery life will probably not change.

The polymer battery is an upgraded type of lithium power supply. As a filler for a lithium-polymer battery, a special gel is used, which has certain characteristics.

In order to decide whether to use li pol improved batteries, you need to study certain information, take into account the advantages and disadvantages.

The performance of your equipment, handheld device or installation largely depends on the correct selection of the power source. So, for a complete set of portable chargers, a lithium-ion or lithium-ion polymer battery is used. In order to make the right choice, you need to know the difference in what. It is mandatory to take into account the pros and cons of power supplies.

Interesting video about lithium-polymer battery.

Lithium Ion Batteries

Demonstration of the first ion batteries took place in the last century. Then the developers presented models in which the electrodes were prepared from metallic lithium. They were distinguished by a low level of safety, short-term operation. Therefore, metallic lithium was replaced by li ions.

The upgraded lithium-ion battery has the following advantages:

• Increased capacity, electrolyte density.
• The ability to operate at a higher voltage.
• Ease of maintenance due to no memory effect.
• Minimum self-discharge.

The operating time of an ionic battery also depends on whether the following drawbacks are taken into account:

• Constant monitoring of voltage, current and temperature levels is required. This requires a dedicated controller. This is what distinguishes ionic batteries from polymer ones.
• Gradual decrease in capacity.
• The composition should include a proven protection circuit, a controller with the necessary components. Such work requires certain materials and tools. The procedure for making a protective circuit takes certain time... All this leads to an increase in the cost of a li ion po battery by 1.5–2 times.

Lithium Polymer Batteries

The development of a high-quality lithium polymer battery began due to the fact that the level of safety of ionic power sources was low. As a result, manufacturers have received batteries that have special advantages in contrast to li.

Instead of the standard electrolyte composition, a dry polymer electrolyte is used, presented in the form of a film. It does not conduct current, does not interfere with the exchange of charged particles. In contrast to the ionic power source, a porous separator is not introduced into the polymer accumulator device.

Due to the fact that this design is used, the safety level of li pol household batteries is higher. After all, the probability of ignition is reduced to zero.

The polymer electrolyte lends itself well to processing. Therefore, manufacturers easily create a li-ion polymer battery of the required shape, optimal configuration. Therefore, such power supplies are used in telephones, laptops, portable equipment, and video cameras.

Unfortunately, lithium ion polymer batteries have a low electrical conductivity. Its level rises only when heated. But this effect is not always possible. For example, heating the battery is not allowed if there is no cooling system.

The resistance level of li ion polymer batteries is high, so it is rather difficult to obtain the required current value. Because of this, modern devices cannot be equipped with such power sources.

But the above problems are inherent only in those li-ion poly power supplies in which the electrolyte is presented in a dry form.

Upgraded lithium polymer batteries

The problem associated with the lack of electrical conductivity was solved by introducing certain components into the electrolyte. Now they produce polymer batteries, the electrolyte in which is presented in the form of a gel. These power supplies are called lithium ion polymer batteries. They are equipped with the best mobile phones, chargers and portable devices.

Rechargeable polymer batteries are ubiquitous, no matter what technology is presented.

Fundamental differences

What to choose: li ion or li polymer battery? Both designs have similar characteristics and parameters. The difference lies in the presence of a solid electrolyte in li ion pol batteries.

The upgraded Li ion polymer battery does not come with a porous separator. It stands out for its increased capacity, a long period of operation, and increased electrical conductivity.

When deciding which battery is best for a phone, manufacturers take into account design features, as well as the difference between pol and li types. Moreover, most often they use ion li polymer batteries, which have all the advantages.

Features of using lithium batteries

The use of li ion and li ion pol is similar. To prevent problems, you need:

• Maintain the voltage of 4.2-2.7 V during the entire period of operation. These indicators correspond to the maximum and minimum charge.
• Taking into account the voltage limits introduced by the manufacturers. For careful control, the use of proven schemes is allowed.
• The service life of rechargeable up to 45–46% pol or li batteries is the longest.
• The introduction of controllers into the composition of ionic polymer batteries helps to maintain an acceptable voltage level.

Lithium Polymer Battery Charging Guidelines

To increase the operating time of the battery without additional recharging, you need to take into account the rules for operating the charging.

1. Full discharge is inadmissible. Polymer batteries have no memory effect. Therefore, the use of a charger is permissible even with a small discharge. To extend the useful life of the li ion po, the battery needs to be charged more often. In this case, you need to use a "native" charger.
2. It is harmful to constantly use a battery that is fully charged. Therefore, at regular intervals, the power supply must be discharged to zero. Due to the instability of charging, the use of various circuits and devices. With periodic discharge, the likelihood of the formation of lower, upper thresholds is excluded.
3. Non-operating li-ion po power supplies are stored at temperatures between 15 and 20 degrees. The charge level should be 40%. Do not store a fully charged power supply. After all, this is fraught with loss of capacity, deterioration of performance.
4. Original chargers are used to charge lithium-ion polymer batteries. Some mobile phones have built-in chargers. An external adapter is supplied separately to help stabilize the voltage. Some of the equipment is not equipped with such devices. Therefore, for charging the battery is withdrawn.
5. Do not overheat polymer batteries. Even an excess of 1–2 degrees has a detrimental effect on the state of the power source. Low temperatures also have a negative impact. Therefore, you need to use the battery only in the permissible mode.
6. Operation of power supplies in the immediate vicinity of heaters is prohibited. The battery must not be exposed to direct sunlight. After all, all this contributes to a reduction in the period of use.
7. It is unsafe to use chargers that are not certified. So how do you charge the battery? The best solution is to use tested and certified chargers that are recommended by manufacturers.
8. All connectors used must be the same size. This is the only way to eliminate the possibility of a battery short circuit.
9. The temperature of the power supply must be constantly monitored. This is especially important if no cooling system is available.
10. Mechanical stress is prohibited. This can provoke the formation of microcracks and other damage.

Video about the restoration of lithium-polymer batteries.

Before using the universal charger, you must:

• Compare technical parameters.
• Check capacity readings. When using restricted chargers, it will be difficult to charge the power supply.
• Make sure the charger is working properly. After all, Chinese products may have defects.

If necessary, you can check old battery how it will be charged.

Storage and disposal of polymer batteries

The period of use of ionic polymer batteries depends on the observance of the storage rules.

1. Primary power supplies do not require special storage conditions. It is enough to follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
2. The battery removed from the device is placed on a dry surface. In this case, it is necessary to minimize the likelihood of sunlight hitting the surface of the power source.
3. The likelihood of freezing increases if the battery is discharged. Therefore, premises with the required conditions are selected for storage.
4. Store polymer batteries with a low charge (40-50%).
5. It is not a good idea to operate and store lithium polymer batteries that are constantly decreasing in voltage. Such devices must be disposed of.
6. After long-term storage, the energy source must be inspected. Damaged or swollen batteries should be replaced.

The electrochemical system of polymer batteries is harmless. Indeed, during the preparation, environmental standards and requirements were taken into account. But the disposal of failed devices is mandatory. Such actions contribute to the preservation of the environment. Failed sources are transferred to the appropriate organizations in the prescribed manner.

Redesigned lithium polymer rechargeable batteries are gradually replacing traditional power supplies. And this is due to considerable capabilities, technical characteristics and an increased level of security.

Lithium Polymer Battery Videos

The continuous development of technology is beneficial to many aspects of human life. The need for high-performance power supplies with a good balance of safety, cost and performance has led to the development of lithium polymer cells.

Curbing

What is lithium polymer battery

Li polymer batteries are galvanic power supplies in which polymer materials saturated with lithium are used as an electrolyte.

Lithium polymer technology has become a new stage in the development of lithium-ion power supplies, which has reduced the cost of their production and allowed the creation of miniature and flexible batteries.

When buying and using such batteries, you must understand the markings on them, which have the following features:

• battery capacity is indicated in mAh;
• the number next to the English letter S in the marking indicates the number of individual cells (cells) in the battery, each of which has a nominal voltage of 3.7 volts and a maximum of 4.2 volts;
• the number next to the letter C indicates the maximum current output in units of C. The maximum discharge current in milliamperes per hour is equal to the battery capacity multiplied by this value;
• the number next to the letter P indicates the number of cans connected in parallel. When using one can, this value is usually not indicated.

Thus, the designation 2600 mAh 3S 20C denotes a Li-polymer battery with a capacity of 2600 mAh with a nominal voltage of 11.1 volts (maximum 12.6 volts), with three banks connected in series and a permissible discharge current of 52 amperes (2600x20 = 52000 mA).

How lithium polymer batteries are manufactured

In the production of Li-polymer power supplies, the following technology is used:

1. A controlled application of a suspension with active materials of the cathode and anode (two different processes) is carried out on the surface of an aluminum or copper foil, which acts as a current collector.
2. The foil with the applied material is dried, cut into elements of the required size and shape.
3. Preparation of a polymer electrolyte separator is carried out, which is then placed between foil layers with active materials of the cathode and anode.
4. The multilayer battery is assembled, sealed and dried.
5. When using a polymer separator, which requires inclusions of gel electrolyte, it is filled with the required amount of electrolyte liquid.
6. Installation of contact pads, packing in a protective shell and trimming of its protruding parts are carried out.
7. External battery terminals are installed.
8. A control charge / discharge cycle and testing are performed.
9. Rejection, sorting by capacity and application of appropriate designations are carried out.
10. If necessary, wires are soldered to the battery terminals.
11. Quality control is carried out, the battery cells are packed into a case, on which the necessary marking and packaging is applied.

The principle of operation and device of a lithium polymer battery

The principle of operation of Li pol batteries is based on the use of the semiconductor effect in polymer substances with inclusions of electrolyte ions. The addition of an electrolyte to polymers causes an increase in their ionic conductivity while maintaining the insulating properties of the plastic with respect to electrons.

The electromotive force against lithium ions arises from a reversible chemical reaction between an anode (plus) of carbon (usually graphite) and a cathode (minus) of cobalt, vanadium oxide or manganese, placed in a polymer electrolyte with lithium salts.

There are three types of polymer electrolytes:

1. Completely dry polymer electrolytes, which are plastic with the addition of lithium salts, give a low current at room temperatures, insufficient for most modern devices and are more expensive than conventional lithium-ion batteries.
2. Gel polymer electrolytes, which are dry polymer electrolytes interspersed with plasticizers-solvents, have acceptable capacitance, current and cost values ​​and are most often used in practice.
3. Non-aqueous solutions of lithium salts distributed in a microporous polymer matrix by absorption.

Massively sold Li Po batteries are actually hybrids that combine not only a pure dry polymer electrolyte, but also a small amount of gel electrolyte, which is also contained in lithium-ion sources.

The addition of inclusions of gel electrolyte to a solid polymer electrolyte increases its ionic conductivity and electrical characteristics, in particular, the operating current increases to the value required for most modern small-sized devices.

Lithium polymer battery: pros and cons

Li-polymer power supplies have the following advantages:

• high energy density in relation to their weight, 4-5 times higher than that of nickel-cadmium batteries, and 3-4 times higher than that of nickel-metal hydride power supplies;
• low self-discharge current and high current efficiency;
• the ability to create flexible and very thin products;
• lack of memory effect;
• maintaining voltage within acceptable limits during a working discharge;
• a large range of permissible temperatures during operation (from -20 to +40 degrees).

Lithium polymer batteries have some disadvantages:

• fire hazard in case of overcharge / overheating. These batteries require the use of protective electronics that monitor the charging current and temperature, and a special charging algorithm;
• the effect of aging, leading to a decrease in capacity during long-term storage and operation (it is believed that the battery loses up to 20% of its capacity every year);
• failure with deep discharge (below 3 volts);
• fear of overheating above 60 degrees and overcharging above 4.2 volts (an explosion is possible at a voltage above 4.5 volts);
• the use of a thin shell (usually in the form of a foil) in some of these batteries reduces the cost of Li Pol cells, but at the same time reduces their strength.

Where are Li Pol batteries used

This type of power supply due to its low weight and high power It is widely used to supply power to small and large devices, including:

• mobile phones and smartphones;
• radio-controlled models, quadcopters, microplanes;
• power tool;
• digital technology, ultrabooks;
• electric vehicles.

Rules for the use of Li Pol batteries

To ensure the required level of safety and prolong the life of serviceable batteries, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. in the presence of damage, swelling of the batteries, they cannot be used, but must be disposed of;
2. the batteries must be charged with a quality charger under supervision, so as not to overheat the battery. If during charging there is a burning smell, swelling, ignition, it is necessary to stop it immediately and disconnect the battery from the charger;
3. it is better to charge on a non-combustible surface, for example, on a ceramic tile or porcelain plate; after fully charging the power source, it is better to let it cool down and only then start using it;
4. discharge below 3 volts, overheating or hypothermia, which reduce the capacity and the total number of charge-discharge cycles, must not be allowed;
5. the longest service life of LiPo cells is achieved while maintaining their charge level at 45%;
6. The best charging mode for LiPo batteries is provided by Sony chargers for about three hours. It takes place in three stages:
   • First, for about one hour, it is charged up to 70% with a constant current of 0.5-1 from the current output of the battery to a voltage of 4.2 volts;
   • Recharging for 1 hour to 90% with a voltage of no more than 4.2 volts with a gradually decreasing current (up to about 0.2 from the current output);
   • At the third stage, recharging is carried out for an hour up to 100% with a small, constantly decreasing current.

Cheap chargers run out of charge at the first stage, when the voltage reaches 4.2 v, so the battery does not reach its full capacity.

• do not shock the battery, short circuit or discharge very high currents, overcharging above 4.2 volts per cell of the composite battery - all of these reasons can cause a fire;
• if composite batteries of several Li Pol cells are used, then it is better to charge them separately, or use a special equalizing charge with balancing for each cell. The principle of operation of such a device is to stop the charge of individual elements when they reach a voltage of about 4.17 volts;
• Before putting new batteries into service, it is best to calibrate them by fully charging and discharging them twice.

In some Li Pol batteries, at a discharge below 2.5 volts, lithium metallization is possible, which leads to the creation of conductive bridges inside the battery and a short circuit. When charging such a battery, uncontrolled heating occurs, which can lead to an explosion of such a power source. Therefore, it is better not to use batteries in which the voltage has dropped below the critical level of 3 volts, and when the voltage drops to 2.5 volts and below, they must be disposed of.

How to store lithium polymer batteries

It is advisable to store charged LiPo batteries in protective cases at room temperature when charging at 3.6-3.8 volts.

Before storing LiPo cells, it is recommended to charge them up to 40-50%, disconnect them from the devices that they power and periodically, at least once every six months, check the charge level.

Recycling Lithium Polymer Batteries

Disposal of LiPo power supplies is of particular relevance due to their high fire hazard. They are less toxic than nickel-cadmium batteries, but still contain environmentally harmful substances.

To completely and safely dispose of Li-polymer batteries, the following requirements must be observed:

• disposal of discharged batteries is carried out in plastic containers with a water-salt solution (about half a glass of salt per 1 liter of water) for about 2 weeks (until gas formation stops) in a non-residential area. Then they can be thrown away with your regular waste;
• before disposal, the batteries must be discharged to at least one volt (this can be done with a light bulb as a load);
• if the battery case is damaged, then it does not need to be discharged, but it is necessary to dispose of it in a water-salt solution;
• if the discharge is made with a current that is more than the permissible one, associated with the value of the maximum current output C, then the battery must be in a bucket of sand or in another place protected from fire;
• Mechanical destruction of batteries untreated in saline solution, which may cause a fire, is not allowed. Cells with a cobalt cathode are especially dangerous in this respect.